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AQA GCSE - Design and Technology > 3.2 - Making Principles > Flashcards

3.2 - Making Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What factors do designers need to consider when selecting materials and components?

A
  • Availability
  • Functional need
  • Cost
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2
Q

How is availability considered when choosing a material or component for a design?

A
  • Are the chosen materials available in stock forms?
  • Are expensive or rare materials needed that are harder to source?
  • Does the supply of materials affect the production flow?
  • Have the materials been sourced from a renewable supply?
  • Have the raw materials been processed without causing environmental damage?
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3
Q

How is functional need considered when choosing a material or component for a design?

A

Functionality is vital in product design. Designers need to consider:

  • Will the selected material function as expected?
  • Is it strong enough? Will it resist wear and tear?
  • Does it need to be weatherproof or chemically resistant?
  • Is the product safe?
  • What standards does it need to conform to?
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4
Q

How is cost considered when choosing a material or component for a design?

A
  • Does the cost of manufacturing meet the expected budget?
  • Does the selected production method (mass, batch or one-off) impact the cost of materials?
  • Are bespoke sizes required?
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5
Q

What is the difference between quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC)

A

QA - Procedures to manage all functions that affect quality. (Checks manufactureing processes)

QC - Check against the manufacturing Specification. (Checks the product itself)

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6
Q

What is quality assurance (QA)?

A

Quality Assurance does not check the quality of the final product, but the quality of all systems on the production line, staff training and quality monitoring.

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7
Q

What is quality control (QC)

A

The process of inspecting products to ensure that they meet the required quality standards.

It may take part in any part of the production.

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8
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Tolerance is the amount of error allowed for a given task.

It is applied to distance measurements and weights such as in fabric, paper or card.

There will be a specified measurement range which is an acceptable difference in size between an upper limit and a lower limit.

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9
Q

How does tolerance vary between different products and components?

A
  • During a making activity, it may not be possible to achieve 100% accuracy.
  • An appropriate degree of tolerance needs to be considered for a given product.
  • This could vary from a fraction of a millimetre to a few millimetres.
  • A narrower tolerance is usually required for more technical elements. (metalwork, wood joints, 3D printed or laser-cut components, or specific levels of voltage required in a circuit)
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10
Q

What is a go/no-go gauge? (Accurate working)

A

A go/no-go gauge is used to check dimensions are within specified tolerances.

The expected dimensions and tolerances will be pre-set.

For instance, when checking a drill hole, if the go gauge fits but the no-go gauge does not, the hole is within tolerance.

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11
Q

What is a depth stop? (Accurate working)

A
  • A depth stop ensures a hole will be drilled to the correct depth.
  • The limit is set to control how far the drill bit enters the workpiece.
  • This can be used in a pillar drill or can be in the form of cap added to a power or hand drill.
  • Metal band saws can also be fitted with an adjustable stop to ensure a blade only cuts to a pre-set depth.
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12
Q

How are a laser cutter’s settings changed when changing the material being cut?

A

The speed, power and dimension settings must be set according to the material.

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13
Q

What is a seam allowance?

A

A seam allowance is the area between the line of stitching and the edge of the fabric.

Commercially, a seam allowance may only be 10mm to save on fabric.

The tolerance is very small, so accurate stitching is needed otherwise pieces will not fit as intended.

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14
Q

How can patterns on textiles be checked for inaccuracies?

A

Although many checks are made by eye, machine vision systems are being introduced to scan and detect physical or pattern defects.

This automated process is extremely fast, but the computer equipment is costly, so it is only used by large scale factories at present.

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15
Q

What is photo etching and how is it used for printed circit boards?

A
  • Printed circuit boards (PCBs) can be made using the photo etching process.
  • This process corrosively etches away selected areas of sheet metal.
  • It is a precise process which can produce complex circuits with fine detail.
  • Commercially finished etched boards are inspected both visually and by machine.
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16
Q

Exam style question:
Explain the purpose of ‘quality control’.
[2]

A

Quality control checks or tests a product to ensure that it meets pre-set standards, tolerances or specification criteria.

It guarantees the accuracy of a part or component and that it is fit for purpose, and of an acceptable standard for sale

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17
Q

What is done during the ‘Marking out’ stage?

A

Marking out transfers a design or lines from a plan onto a workpiece in preparation for the next step.

It provides the guidelines for cutting, bending, shaping or drilling

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18
Q

Templates, patterns and jigs are used to ensure repetitive ________ when marking out and cutting out materials.

A

accuracy

19
Q

What is a template and how is it used to increase accuracy when marking out and cutting?

A

A template is a specific shape that can be drawn or cut around.

For a one-off production, a paper template may be used.

When batches of identical shapes are needed, a template would be made of a more durable material to withstand repeated use.

20
Q

What is a pattern and how is it used to increase accuracy when working with textiles?

A
  • A sewing pattern is a template, often made of paper or a lightweight cardboard for repeated use.
  • It is made up of several pieces which represent the different sections of a garment.
  • The outline is marked onto the fabric which is then cut out and assembled.
  • The outline may be traced by hand or with CAM.
21
Q

What is a pattern and how is it used to increase accuracy when casting?

A
  • A pattern can also be a replica mould of an object to be cast.
  • The patterns can be made in metal, plastic resin or wood.
  • Allowances must be built into the cast to allow for the different characteristics of the casting material.
  • For example, metals contract when they cool, so there must be allowance for shrinkage or distortion.
22
Q

What is a jig and how is it used to increase accuracy?

A
  • Jigs keep material positioned in the same place whilst being machined or drilled.
  • They can be made into a particular shape for a specific process.
  • Jigs are used for guiding a cutting tool or drill, to ensure the hole or cut is made at the correct place every time.
  • Jigs increase production rate, improve accuracy and reduce wastage.
23
Q

Exam Style Question:
A hole punch creates holes in sheets of paper.

Describe how a tool can be used in order to ensure that the holes are always cut in exactly the same place on each individual punch.
[2]

A

A jig is commonly used which is slid into the correct position for the size of sheet and held against the edge of the paper.

The punch is then pressed to create the holes.

24
Q

What are some different pieces of equipment used for marking out?

A
  • Scriber
  • Tailor’s chalk
  • Engineer’s blue / layout stain
  • Centre punch
  • Marker pens, pencils, chinagraph
  • Pattern or tracing wheel
  • Marking gauge
  • Engineer’s / combination square
25
Q

What is a scriber? (Marking out)

A

Tool with a sharp point to scratch shallow, thin lines into metal, timbers or plastics.

26
Q

What is tailor’s chalk? (Marking out)

A

Tailor’s chalk makes a temporary marking on fabric which can be brushed or washed off.

Used for marking seam allowances and for alterations.

27
Q

What is engineer’s blue / layout stain? (Marking out)

A

Marking blue is used in metalwork to stain a metal object.

This thin layer of dye can be scratched through to reveal a bright outline of the pattern or cut line.

Blue can be removed afterwards.

28
Q

What is a centre punch? (Marking out)

A

Used to mark the centre point of hole for drilling.

It forms enough of dimple in the metal surface to act as a guide for a drill and reduce slipping.

29
Q

What are marker pens, pencils, chinagraph? (Marking out)

A
  • If a protective film is in place on polymers, a marker pen can be used.
  • Pencil marking can be removed from timbers.
  • Disappearing ink markers can be used on fabrics.
  • Polymers can be marked with chinagraph which is easily rubbed off.
30
Q

What is a pattern or tracing wheel? (Marking out)

A

A pattern wheel is used to transfer the outline of a sewing pattern onto fabric.

31
Q

What is a marking gauge? (Marking out)

A

Marking gauge uses a small pin or spur to mark wood as the tool is dragged along it.

It is used to scribe a line parallel to a reference edge.

32
Q

What is an engineer’s / combination square? (Marking out)

A

For transferring angular measurements onto a workpiece and checking angles.

33
Q

What is a tessellated pattern?

A

When a shape repeats, it can be tessellated, which means it will fit together without gaps or overlaps.

A hexagonal design is a good example of this.

This can be used to minimise waste when cutting out of a sheet material.

34
Q

What does the term ‘nesting’ mean, in relation to cutting shapes out of a material?

A

Shapes are carefully considered when set out on a material for cutting.

Nesting lays out patterns in multiple directions with the aim to reduce material waste.

Nesting profiles are often created with CAD for accuracy and maximum efficiency.

35
Q

What is a risk assesment?

A

A risk assessment should be carried out before beginning work. This helps identify risks and how to minimise them.

Risks should be identified for all equipment, processes and tools and logged in a risk assessment form.

36
Q

What is included on a risk assesment when working with chemicals?

A

Risk assessments are also required for the use of chemicals.

It will identify their hazards and the precautions needed when working with chemicals.

37
Q

What is a safety data sheet?

A

Safety data sheets provide information on safe handling and the use of chemicals.

They inform those who use chemicals in the workplace to do so safely and without risk of harm to the user or the environment.

38
Q

What precautions should be used to ensure personal safety when working with potentially dangerous equipment and materials?

A
  • Long hair should be tied back.
  • Jewellery removed.
  • Ties and any loose clothing tucked in or removed.
  • Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) must be worn.
39
Q

What safety precautions should be taken when working with hand tools?

A
  • Tools should be stored safely when not in use.
  • Tools should be carried with sharp or cutting edges pointing downwards.
  • When cutting, work should be clamped securely.
  • When cutting, cutting edge should be pointed away from the user.
40
Q

What safety precautions should be taken when working with machine tools?

A
  • Knowing how to use a machine or equipment safely, including appropriate PPE.
  • Knowing here the emergency stop button is situated.
  • Understanding the settings and how to use safety guards.
  • Machinery cannot be left unattended
  • Dust extraction should be used where necessary.
  • Work should be clamped down to minimise risk of movement.
41
Q

What safety precautions should be taken when working with and disposing of chemicals and hazardous materials?

A
  • When handling materials, there should be efficient ventilation.
  • Avoid contact with toxic chemicals
  • Wear appropriate PPE including gloves and goggles.
  • Any waste chemicals should be disposed of correctly so as not to harm the environment.
  • Hands should be washed after working with chemicals or hazardous materials.
42
Q

What personal protective equipment should be used when working with a hot metal?

A
  • Face shield
  • Leather apron
  • Gauntlets
  • Protective boots with steel toecaps
43
Q

What personal protective equipment should be used when working with noisy equipment?

A

Ear defenders

AQA GCSE - Design and Technology (25 decks)

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