1.6 - Materials and their Working Properties Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What is the difference between a material’s physical and working properties?
A
The physical properties of any material can be measured in their natural state.
Working properties describe how a material responds when it is manipulated or worked.
2
Q
What are some different physical properties?
A
- Absorbency
- Density
- Electrical conductivity
- Fusibility
- Thermal conductivity
3
Q
What is absorbency? (Physical property)
A
The ability of a material to soak up or draw in heat, light or moisture.
4
Q
What is density? (Physical property)
A
The mass, per unit volume of any material. How solid a material is.
5
Q
What is ‘electrical conductivity’? (Physical property)
A
The measure at which a material can transport electricity.
6
Q
What is fusibility? (Physical property)
A
The ability of a material to be converted from a solid to a fluid state by heat and combined with another material.
7
Q
What is thermal conductivity? (Physical property)
A
The measure of a material’s ability to transfer heat.
8
Q
What are some different working properties?
A
- Ductility
- Elasticity
- Hardness
- Malleability
- Strength
- Toughness
9
Q
What is ductility? (Working property)
A
The ability of a material to be stretched or drawn or pulled without breaking.
10
Q
What is elasticity? (Working property)
A
The ability to return to its original shape after stretching or compression.
11
Q
What is hardness? (Working property)
A
The ability to withstand impact, wear, abrasion and indentation.
12
Q
What is malleability? (Working property)
A
The ability to be bent and shaped without cracking or splitting.
13
Q
What is strength? (Working property)
A
The ability to withstand a force such as pressure, compression, tension or shear.
14
Q
What is toughness? (Working property)
A
The ability to absorb shock without fracturing.
15
Q
Exam Style Question:
Describe the difference between toughness and hardness.
[2]
A
- Toughness is the ability of a material to withstand an energy of force before it becomes fractured
- Hardness is a measured resistance to abrasion, wear, scratching, or penetration
16
Q
The weight of paper is measured in…
A
- Grams per square metre (GSM).
- Common weights range from 60-170gsm.
17
Q
What are some different types of paper?
A
- Layout
- Outline
- Cartridge
- Bleed proof
- Grid
18
Q
What are the properties and uses of layout paper? (Paper)
A
- Properties: Medium opacity sheet with a smooth finish. 60-90 gsm.
- Uses: Sketch and design work.
19
Q
What are the properties and uses of tracing paper? (Paper)
A
- Properties: Off white, low opacity sheet. 60-90 gsm.
- Uses: Copying overlays and tracing drawings.
20
Q
What are the properties and uses of cartridge paper? (Paper)
A
- Properties: Thick white paper with a textured surface. 120-150 gsm.
- Uses: Sketching, watercolours, ink drawings.
21
Q
What are the properties and uses of bleed-proof paper? (Paper)
A
- Properties: Thick, coated paper that prevents inks or marker pens from bleeding. 120-150 gsm.
- Uses: High quality illustrations with colour richness and vibrancy.
22
Q
What are the properties and uses of grid paper? (Paper)
A
- Properties: White paper with a printed grid of squares, isometric lines or other patterns. 80-100 gsm.
- Uses: Scale drawings, model making, scientific diagrams.
23
Q
What are some different types of cards and boards?
A
- Corrugated
- Foil-lined
- Duplex
- Foam core
- Ink jet
- Solid white
24
Q
What are the properties and uses of corrugated card? (Card and board)
A
- Properties: Two layers of lightweight card containing a fluted layer for strength. Fully degradable and recyclable.
- Uses: Packaging for impact protection and
Insulation.
25
What are the properties and uses of foil-lined board? (Card and board)
- Properties: Card coated with aluminium foil on one side. Foil retains heat keeping contents warm and creates a moisture barrier.
- Uses: Takeaway containers.
26
What are the properties and uses of duplex board? (Card and board)
- Properties: Two layers of card bonded together, often with a white external layer. Available with metallic and holographic hinishes.
- Uses: Tough, with a bright white appearance suitable for packaging. Used with a waxy coating for food and drink containers.
27
What are the properties and uses of foam core board? (Card and board)
- Properties: An inner foam core with a paper face. Rigid and stiff.
- Uses: Model making and mounting artworks.
28
What are the properties and uses of inkjet card? (Card and board)
- Properties: Treated card with smooth finish and bleed proof printable surface.
- Uses: Printing photographs and artworks.
29
What are the properties and uses of solid white board? (Card and board)
- Properties: High quality card, brilliant white smooth finish on both sides.
- Uses: Greetings cards, quality packaging and book covers.
30
What are hardwoods and deciduous trees?
- Hardwood is from a deciduous tree, usually a broad-leafed variety that drops its leaves in the winter.
- Hardwoods tend to have a tighter grain structure.
- Hardwoods take longer to grow, are not easily sourced and are expensive to buy.
31
What are some examples of hardwoods?
- Ash
- Beech
- Mahogany
- Balsa
- Oak
32
What are the properties and uses of ash? (Hardwood)
- Properties: Flexible, tough and shock resistant, laminates well. Pale brown.
- Uses: Sports equipment and tool handles.
33
What are the properties and uses of beech? (Hardwood)
- Properties: Fine finish, tough and durable. Beige with pink hue.
- Uses: Children's toys and models, furniture, veneers.
34
What are the properties and uses of mahogany? (Hardwood)
- Properties: Easily worked, durable and finishes well. Reddish brown.
- Uses: High end furniture and joinery, veneers.
35
What are the properties and uses of balsa? (Hardwood)
- Properties: Very soft and spongy. good strength to weight ratio. Pale cream/white.
- Uses: Prototyping and modelling.
36
What are the properties and uses of oak? (Hardwood)
- Properties: Tough, hard and durable, high quality finish possible. Light brown.
- Uses: Flooring, furniture, railway sleepers, veneers.
37
What are softwoods and coniferous trees?
- Softwood is from a coniferous tree, one that usually bears needles and has cones.
- Softwoods tend to have a looser grain structure.
- They are faster growing than hardwoods, making them cheaper to buy, and are considered a sustainable material.
38
What are some examples of softwoods?
- Pine
- Spruce
- Larch
39
What are the properties and uses of pine? (Softwood)
- Properties: Lightweight, easy to work, can split and be resinous near knots. Pale yellowish brown.
- Uses: Interior construction, furniture.
40
What are the properties and uses of spruce? (Softwood)
- Properties: Easy to work, high stiffness to weight ratio. Creamy white.
- Uses: Construction, furniture and musical instruments.
41
What are the properties and uses of larch? (Softwood)
- Properties: Durable, tough, good water resistance, good surface finish. Pale reddish brown.
- Uses: Exterior cladding, decking, flooring, machined mouldings, furniture and joinery. railway sleepers and veneers.
42
Exam Style Question:
Give two differences between hardwood and softwood.
[2]
- Hardwood comes from deciduous trees.
- Softwood comes from coniferous trees.
- Deciduous trees are usually slower growing which makes the wood denser.
43
What are manufactured boards?
- Manufactured boards are usually sheets of processed natural timber waste products or veneers combined with adhesives.
- They are made from waste wood, low-grade timber and recycled timber.
44
What are some examples of manufactured boards?
- Chipboard
- Medium density fibreboard (MDF)
- Plywood
45
What are the properties and uses of chipboard? (Manufactured board)
- Properties: Good compressive strength, not water resistant unless treated, good value but prone to chipping on edges and corners.
- Uses: Flooring, low-end furniture, kitchen units and worktops.
46
What are the properties and uses of medium density fibreboard (MDF)? (Manufactured board)
- Properties: Rigid and stable, with a smooth, easy to finish surface. Very absorbent so not good in high humidity or damp areas.
- Uses: Good value, flat pack furniture, toys, kitchen units and internal construction,
47
What are the properties and uses of plywood? (Manufactured board)
- Properties: Very stable in all directions due to alternate layering at 90°, with outside layers running in the same direction.
- Uses: Furniture, shelving, toys and construction. Interior, exterior and marine grades available for greater water resistance.
48
What are the properties of ferrous metals?
- Ferrous metals all contain iron ferrite and have high tensile strength and durability.
- Most ferrous metals are magnetic.
- Vulnerable to rust if exposed to moisture without a protective finish. (Eg stainless steel is protected from rust by the presence of chromium)
49
What are some different ferrous metals?
- Cast iron
- Low carbon / mild steel
- High carbon steel
50
What are the properties and uses of cast iron? (Ferrous metal)
- Properties: Hard but brittle. Resists deformation and rust.
- Uses: Kitchen pans, machine bases, manhole covers.
51
What are the properties and uses of low carbon / mild steel? (Ferrous metal)
- Properties: Tough and ductile. Rusts easily if not protected.
- Uses: Car bodies, steel building frames, pipelines.
52
What are the properties and uses of high carbon steel? (Ferrous metal)
- Properties: Hard, but brittle. Hard wearing, resists abrasion and retains its shape.
- Uses: Tools, blades, scissors.
53
What are the properties of non-ferrous metals?
- Non-ferrous metals are a group of pure metals and do not contain iron.
- Non-magnetic so used for wiring and electronics.
- Non-ferrous metals have a higher resistance to rust but can corrode or oxidise.
- Commonly used externally for guttering, pipes and road signs.
54
What are some different non-ferrous metals?
- Zinc
- Copper
- Aluminium
- Tin
55
What are the properties and uses of zinc? (Non-ferrous metal)
- Properties: Brittle, yet malleable. High corrosion resistance.
- Uses: Used to galvanise steel.
56
What are the properties and uses of copper? (Non-ferrous metal)
- Properties: Ductile and malleable. Good electrical conductor.
- Uses: Plumbing supplies, electrical cables.
57
What are the properties and uses of aluminium? (Non-ferrous metal)
- Properties: Lightweight, ductile, resists corrosion.
- Uses: Bike frames, drinks cans, takeaway trays.
58
What are the properties and uses of tin? (Non-ferrous metal)
- Properties: Malleable and ductile, high corrosion resistance. Good electrical conductor.
- Uses: Solder, plating surfaces such as cans.
59
What is an alloy?
- Alloys are a mixture of at least one pure metal and another element.
- The alloying process combines the metals and other elements to improve working properties or aesthetics.
60
Why are alloys normally harder than pure metals?
- Alloys are harder than pure metals as they contain atoms of different sizes.
- These distort the arrangement of the atoms making it hard for the layers of atoms to slide over each other, creating a harder, stronger metal.
61
What are some examples of alloys
- High speed steel
- Stainless steel
- Brass
62
The composition of high speed steel may include:
- Chromium Molybdenum
- Tungsten Vanadium
- Cobalt Carbon
63
The composition of stainless steel includes:
- Low carbon 0.03-0.08%
- Chromium 10.5-26%
64
The composition of brass includes:
- Copper: 65%
- Zinc: 35%
65
What are the properties and uses of high speed steel? (Alloy)
- Properties: Can withstand high temperatures when machining at high speed.
- Uses: Cutting tools such as drill bits, mill cutters, taps and dies.
66
What are the properties and uses of stainless steel? (Alloy)
- Properties: Hard, ductile. Rust resistant.
Chromium layer protects steel from corrosion
- Uses: Cutlery, kitchen and medical equipment.
67
What are the properties and uses of brass? (Alloy)
- Properties: Malleable and easily cast
Good corrosion resistance.
- Uses: Musical instruments, plumbing fitments and ornate artefacts.
68
What are plastics?
- Plastics are mainly synthetic materials made from polymers traditionally derived from finite petrochemical resources.
- Naturally occurring plastics include amber and rubber.
69
What are the properties of thermoforming polymers?
- Polymer chains are quite loosely entangled with very few cross links. This generally makes them more flexible.
- This allows the chains to easily slide past each other when heated.
- They can be formed into complex shapes and reformed multiple times.
70
What are the properties of thermosetting polymers?
- Thermosetting polymers undergo a chemical change and once set, cannot be reformed.
- Thermosets are resistant to higher temperatures but tend to burn when heated rather than melt.
- They are harder, more brittle and provide good insulation and chemical resistance.
71
What are some examples of thermoforming polymers?
- Polypropylene (PP)
- High density polyethylene (HDPE)
- High impact polystyrene (HIPS)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
- Acrylic (PMMA)
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
72
What are the properties and uses of polypropylene (PP)? (Thermoforming polymer)
- Properties: Flexible, tough, lightweight, food safe.
- Uses: Kitchen, medical products, rope.
73
What are the properties and uses of high density polyethylene (HDPE)? (Thermoforming polymer)
- Properties: Lightweight, strong, rip and chemical resistant.
- Uses: Milk bottles, pipes, crates, wheelie bins.
74
What are the properties and uses of high impact polystyrene (HIPS)? (Thermoforming polymer)
- Properties: Flexible, impact resistant, lightweight, can be food safe, can be vacuum formed easily.
- Uses: Yoghurt pots, CD cases, vacuum formed products.
75
What are the properties and uses of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)? (Thermoforming polymer)
- Properties: Light, strong and tough. Blow moulds easily, chemically resistant and fully recyclable.
- Uses: Drinks bottles, food containers, yarn.
76
What are the properties and uses of acrylic (PMMA)? (Thermoforming polymer)
- Properties: Tough but brittle when thin. Easily scratched, formed and bonded. Resists weather well.
- Uses: Car lights, alternative to glass, modern baths, clothing.
77
What are the properties and uses of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)? (Thermoforming polymer)
- Properties: Flexible, durable, easily extruded, tough and resistant to chemicals. Good electrical insulator.
- Uses: Raincoats, pipes, electrical tape and insulation for electrical cables.
78
What are some examples of thermosetting polymers?
- Polyester resin (PR)
- Epoxy resin (ER)
- Urea formaldehyde (UF)
- Phenol formaldehyde (PF)
- Melamine formaldehyde (MF)
79
What are the properties and uses of polyester resin (PR)? (Thermosetting polymer)
- Properties: Good electrical insulator, hard, but becomes tough when mixed with glass strands to form glass reinforced plastic (GRP).
- Uses: Used for waterproofing and encapsulating items, boat hulls as GRP.
80
What are the properties and uses of epoxy resin (ER)? (Thermosetting polymer)
- Properties: Good strength to weight ratio, good electrical insulator, heat resistant, durable, extra-strong adhesive.
- Uses: Bonding waterproof coatings, electronic circuit boards.
81
What are the properties and uses of urea formaldehyde (UF)? (Thermosetting polymer)
- Properties: Smooth finish, high tensile strength, heat resistant, good electrical insulator, hard, brittle, easily injection moulded.
- Uses: Adhesives for bonding particle boards, decorative laminates, electrical fittings.
82
What are the properties and uses of phenol formaldehyde (PF)? (Thermosetting polymer)
- Properties: Rigid, brittle, heat resistant and a good electrical insulator. Easily injection moulded.
- Uses: Heat resistant handles, electrical components, snooker balls.
83
What are the properties and uses of melamine formaldehyde (MF)? (Thermosetting polymer)
- Properties: Lightweight, hard but brittle. Food safe.
- Uses: Worktops, surfaces, some kitchenware.
84
Compare the structures of thermoforming and thermosetting polymers?
- Thermoforming plastics are more flexible and have loose polymer chains that break apart when heated.
- Thermosetting plastics have rigid cross-linked polymer chains that set when heated and cannot be reformed.
85
Natural fibres are made from plant- or animal-based fibres and are renewable.
What are some examples of natural fibres?
- Cotton
- Silk
- Wool
86
What are the properties and uses of cotton? (Natural fibres)
Sourced from cotton plant.
- Properties: Soft, strong, absorbent. Washes and takes dyes well.
- Uses: Range of clothing, towels, bed sheets.
87
What are the properties and uses of silk? (Natural fibres)
Sourced from silkworm cocoon.
- Properties: Soft, fine, lightweight. Natural shine due to its triangular structure.
- Uses: Luxury clothing, underwear, ties, wall hangings, night clothes.
88
What are the properties and uses of wool? (Natural fibres)
Sourced from sheep, goats, rabbits, camelids.
- Properties: Warm, naturally crease resistant, can shrink.
- Uses: Jumpers, coats, suits, blankets, carpets.
89
Synthetic fibres are made from chemically produced polymers.
What are some examples of synthetic fibres?
- Polyamide (Nylon)
- Elastane (Lycra)
- Polyester
90
What are the properties and uses of polyamide (Nylon)? (Synthetic fibres)
- Properties: Strong and hard wearing, resists creasing.
- Uses: Rope, webbing, parachutes, sportswear, umbrellas.
91
What are the properties and uses of elastane (Lycra)? (Synthetic fibres)
- Properties: Smooth, strong and elastic or stretchy. Retains its shape and quick drying.
- Uses: Sportswear, swimwear, surgical supports.
92
What are the properties and uses of polyester? (Synthetic fibres)
- Properties: Tough, strong, hard wearing, non-absorbent.
- Uses: Fleece, backpacks, threads, sportswear.
93
What are blended fibres?
Blended and mixed fibres combine two or more types of fibre to produce a fabric with useful properties.
94
What is an example of a fabric made from blended fibres?
Polycotton
95
What are the properties and uses of polycotton? (Blended fibres)
- Properties: Durable and stronger than pure cotton. Reduces creasing.
- Uses: Clothing and bed sheets.
96
How are the yarns of a woven cloth arranged?
- Woven cloth is made up of two sets of yarns which are threaded at 90 degrees to each other.
- The warp threads are fixed in the loom and run the length of the fabric.
- The weft threads run across the width of the fabric.
97
What are the properties and uses of a plain weave? (Woven cloth arrangement)
- Properties: Strong, hard-wearing, retains shape. Even surface on both sides. Different yarns can create hard wearing weave.
- Uses: Tablecloths, upholstery, clothing.
98
What are non-woven fabrics?
Non-woven fabrics are made directly from fibres without being spun into yarns.
99
What are some examples of non-woven fabrics?
- Bonded fabric
- Felted fabric
100
What are the properties and uses of bonded fabric? (Non-woven fabric)
- Properties: Fabrics lack strength, they have no grain so can be cut in any direction and do not fray.
- Uses: Disposable hygienic clothing, cloths, teabags.
101
What are the properties and uses of felted fabric? (Non-woven fabric)
- Properties: Can be formed with moisture and heat, once dry it has no elasticity and can be pulled apart.
- Uses: Hats, handicrafts, protective pads.
102
What is knitting?
- Knitting is a technique of interlocking yarn loops together to produce a fabric.
- Used for jumpers, socks, tights, and soft toys.
103
What is weft knitting?
- Weft knit fabrics are made by hand or by machine using a single yarn that forms interlocking loops across the width of the fabric.
- It is stretchy and can lose its shape.
104
What is warp knitting?
- Warp knitting is made by machine which forms interlocking vertical loops.
- Less stretchy so holds it shape better.
