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AH Biology > 3.2 Experimentation > Flashcards

3.2 Experimentation Flashcards

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1
Q

Validity

A

variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable

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2
Q

variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable

A

Validity

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3
Q

Reliability

A

consistent data obtained through repeats and replicates carried out independently

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4
Q

consistent data obtained through repeats and replicates carried out independently

A

Reliability

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5
Q

Accuracy

A

accurate data that are close to the true values for the measurements made

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6
Q

accurate data that are close to the true values for the measurements made

A

Accuracy

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7
Q

Precision

A

precise data values in replicated measurements that lie close to each other

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8
Q

precise data values in replicated measurements that lie close to each other

A

Precision

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9
Q

Multifactorial studies

A

have more than one independent variable

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10
Q

have more than one independent variable

A

Multifactorial studies

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11
Q

Analysing multifactorial studies

A

More difficult to analyse and confounding variables will be present

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12
Q

What studies difficult to analyse and confounding variables will be present

A

Multifactorial studies

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13
Q

Observational studies

A

Where is there more than one independent variable

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14
Q

Where is there more than one independent variable

A

Observational studies

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15
Q

Analysing multifactorial studies

A

More difficult as confounding variables are present

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16
Q

What is a pilot study used for

A

Help plan procedures

Assess validity

Check techniques

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17
Q

What is used to..

Help plan procedures

Assess validity

Check techniques

A

A pilot study

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18
Q

What is the result of a pilot study

A

Allows for evaluation and modification of experimental design

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19
Q

What allows for evaluation and modification of experimental design

A

Pilot study

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20
Q

What can a pilot study ensure

A

An appropriate range of values for the independent variable

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21
Q

What ensures you have an appropriate range of values for the independent variable

A

Pilot study

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22
Q

What does a pilot study give an idea of to do with averaging results

A

The number of repeat measurements required to give a representative value for each independent data point

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is changed in a scientific experiment

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24
Q

The variable that is changed in a scientific experiment

A

Independent variable

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25
Q

Dependant variable

A

The variable being measured in a scientific experiment

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26
Q

The variable being measured in a scientific experiment

A

Dependant variable

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27
Q

Independent and dependent variables can be
_____________

A

continuous or discrete

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28
Q

Experiments involve doing what to the independent variable

A

The investigator must manipulate the independent variable

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29
Q

What do you compare the experimental treatment group to

A

A control group

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30
Q

Simple experiment

A

One independent variable

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31
Q

One independent variable

A

Simple experiment

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32
Q

Multi factorial experiment

A

More than one independent variable

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33
Q

Multi factorial experiment

A

More than one independent variable

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34
Q

More than one independent variable

A

Multi factorial experiment

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35
Q

Experiments that don’t have a truly independent variable

A

When investigators use groups that already exist

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36
Q

Result of investigators using groups that already exist

A

There is no truly independent variable

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37
Q

Observational studies advantage and disadvantage

A

They are good at detecting correlation

Since they do not directly test a hypothesis, they are less useful for determining causation

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38
Q

They are good at detecting correlation

Since they do not directly test a hypothesis, they are less useful for determining causation

A

Observational studies

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39
Q

Independent variable in observational studies

A

It is not directly controlled by the investigator, for ethical or logistical reasons

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40
Q

In observational studies, what is not directly controlled by the investigator, for ethical or logistical reasons

A

Independent variable

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41
Q

what means that other variables besides the independent variable may affect the dependant variable

A

The complexities of biological systems

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42
Q

What must be done to confounding variables

A

Must be held constant if possible, or at least monitored so that their effect on the results can be accounted for in the analysis

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43
Q

what must be held constant if possible, or at least monitored so that their effect on the results can be accounted for in the analysis

A

Confounding variables

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44
Q

What to do if confounding variables cannot be easily controlled

A

A randomised block design could be used

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45
Q

When might you use a randomised block design

A

When confounding variables cannot be easily controlled

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46
Q

How do randomised blocks of treatment and control groups work

A

They can be distributed in such a way that the influence of any confounding variable is likely to be the same across the treatment and control groups

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47
Q

What does a negative control provide

A

Provides results in the absence of a treatment

48
Q

Provides results in the absence of a treatment

A

Negative control

49
Q

Positive control

A

A treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

50
Q

A treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

A

Positive control

51
Q

What can placebos be included as

A

A treatment without the presence of the independent variable being investigated

52
Q

what can be included as a treatment without the presence of the independent variable being investigated

A

Placebos

53
Q

Placebo effect

A

A measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patients expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable

54
Q

A measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patients expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable

A

Placebo effect

55
Q

In vitro

A

Technique of preforming a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

56
Q

Technique of preforming a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

A

In vitro

57
Q

In vivo

A

Experimentation using a whole, living organism

58
Q

Experimentation using a whole, living organism

A

In vivo

59
Q

Examples of in vitro experiments

A

Cells growing in a culture medium, proteins in solution, purified organelles

60
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of in vivo

A

Provides data for effects of whole organisms

Allows study of complex interactions

Expensive and time consuming

Ethical and legislation concerns

Difficult to control confounding variables

Results may be difficult to interpret

61
Q

Provides data for effects of whole organisms

Allows study of complex interactions

Expensive and time consuming

Ethical and legislation concerns

Difficult to control confounding variables

Results may be difficult to interpret

A

In vivo

62
Q

In vitro advantages and disadvantages

A

Simpler and less expensive

Easier to control confounding variables

Interpretation of results is simpler

Difficult to extend results to whole organisms or different species

Difficult to model complex interactions

63
Q

Simpler and less expensive

Easier to control confounding variables

Interpretation of results is simpler

Difficult to extend results to whole organisms or different species

Difficult to model complex interactions

A

In vitro

64
Q

What to do when it is impractical to measure every individual in a population

A

Select a representative population

65
Q

when must you pick a representative sample

A

When it is impractical to measure every individual

66
Q

What determines the appropriate sample size

A

The extent of the natural variation

67
Q
A
68
Q

What does the the extent of the natural variation in a population determine

A

The appropriate sample size

69
Q

Greater variation in a population means…

A

Larger sample size

70
Q
A
71
Q

What should a representative sample size have

A

Same mean and same degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole

72
Q

What must have the same mean and same degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole

A

A representative sample

73
Q

Random sampling

A

Members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

74
Q

Members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

A

Random sampling

75
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Members of a population are selected at regular intervals

76
Q

Members of a population are selected at regular intervals

A

Systematic sampling

77
Q

Stratified sampling

A

The population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally

78
Q

The population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally

A

Stratified sampling

79
Q

What can variation in experimental results be because of

A

The reliability of measurement methods

and or

inherent variation in the specimens

80
Q

What is caused by the reliability of measurement methods

and or

inherent variation in the specimens

A

Variation in experimental results

81
Q

What can used to determine the reliability of measuring instruments or procedures

A

Repeated measurements or readings of an individual datum point

82
Q

What can be determined from repeated measurements or readings of an individual datum point

A

The reliability of measuring instruments or procedures

83
Q

What does variation observed in measurements and data points indicate

A

The precision of the measurement instrument or procedure

NOT necessarily its accuracy

84
Q

What can the natural variation in the biological material being used be determined by

A

Measuring a sample of individuals from the population

85
Q

What does measuring a sample of individuals in a population allow you to do

A

Determine the natural variation in the biological material

86
Q

What do repeated measurements give an indication of

A

The true value being measured

87
Q

What gives indication of the true value being measured

A

Repeated measurements

88
Q

What is the range of values a measure of

A

The extend of variation in the results

89
Q

What measures the extend of variation in the results

A

The range of values

90
Q

A narrow range of results means…

A

Low variation

91
Q

Range when there is low variation

A

Narrow range

92
Q

Range when there is high variation

A

Wide range

93
Q

Wide range means variation is…

A

High

94
Q

Results can be considered reliable if..

A

They can be achieved consistency

95
Q

What does it mean about results if they can be achieved consistency

A

Reliable

96
Q

How to produce independent data sets

A

Independent replication

97
Q

Independent replication produces..

A

Independent data sets

98
Q

How to determine reliability of results

A

Compare independent data sets

99
Q

Qualitative data

A

Subjective and descriptive data

100
Q

Subjective and descriptive data

A

Qualitative data

101
Q

Quantitative data

A

Measured objectively, usually with a numerical value

102
Q

Measured objectively, usually with a numerical value

A

Quantitative data

103
Q

Ranked data

A

The data transformation in which numerical values are replaced by their rank when the data is sorted from lowest to highest

104
Q

The data transformation in which numerical values are replaced by their rank when the data is sorted from lowest to highest

A

Ranked data

105
Q

When does correlation exist

A

If there is a relationship between 2 variables

106
Q

What is there if there is a relationship between 2 variables

A

Correlation

107
Q

What is correlation

A

An association

108
Q

What does correlation not imply

A

Causation

109
Q

When does causation exist

A

Changes in the values of the independent variable are known to cause changes to the value of the dependent variable

110
Q

Positive correlation

A

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

111
Q

Changes in the values of the independent variable are known to cause changes to the value of the dependent variable means…

A

Correlation exists

112
Q

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

A

Positive correlation

113
Q

Negative correlation

A

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

114
Q

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

A

Negative correlation

115
Q

What is strength of correlation proportional to

A

The spread of values from the line of best fit

116
Q

What is proportionate to the spread of values from the line of best fit

A

The strength of correlation

117
Q
A

AH Biology (9 decks)

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