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AH Biology > 1.3 Membrane Proteins > Flashcards

1.3 Membrane Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What hold intergrated membrane proteins within the bilayer

A

Regions of hydrophobic R groups allow for strong hydrophobic interactions

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2
Q

what does regions of hydrophobic R groups allow for strong hydrophobic interactions mean for the bilayer

A

Holds integral membrane proteins within the bilayer

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3
Q

What do peripheral membrane proteins have

A

Hydrophilic R groups on their surface

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4
Q

How do hydrophilic R groups stay on the surface of peripheral membrane proteins

A

By ionic and hydrogen bonds

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5
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

A barrier to ions and polar molecules

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6
Q

How can small hydrophobic molecules pass through the phospholipid bilayer by diffusion

A

small hydrophobic molecules

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7
Q

A barrier to ions and polar molecules

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

What is allowed pass through the phospholipid bilayer by diffusion

A

Small hydrophobic molecules

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9
Q

Protein channels

A

Multi subunit proteins with the subunits arranged to form water filled pores that extend across the membrane, allowing for facilitated diffusion of molecules through it.

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10
Q

Multi subunit proteins with the subunits arranged to form water filled pores that extend across the membrane, allowing for facilitated diffusion of molecules through it.

A

Protein channels

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11
Q

What type of transport is molecules through channels

A

Passive

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12
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The passive transport of substances across the membrane through specific transmembrane proteins

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13
Q

The passive transport of substances across the membrane through specific transmembrane proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

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14
Q

What do cells have to preform specialised functions

A

Different channels and transporter proteins

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15
Q

What do gated channels do

A

Change formation to open or close

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16
Q

What change formation to open or close

A

Gated channels

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17
Q

What can gated channels be controlled by

A

Ligand gated

Voltage

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18
Q

Ligand gated channels meaning

A

Binding of signal molecules

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19
Q

Binding of signal molecules

A

Ligand gated channels

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20
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Changes in ion concentrations

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21
Q

Changes in ion concentrations

A

Voltage gated channels

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22
Q

What are ligand gated channels controlled by

A

The binding of ligands (signal molecules)

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23
Q

What do ligand-gated channels have to bind to ligands

A

Receptors that are specific to signal molecules

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24
Q

The binding of ligands to channels _____ them

A

Opens

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25
Q

What are voltage gated channels controlled by

A

Changes in ion concentrations

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26
Q

What gates are controlled by changes in ion concentrations

A

Voltage

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27
Q

Another way to say voltage

A

Membrane potential

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28
Q

What does membrane protein cause

A

Channels to open or close

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29
Q

What do transporter proteins bind to

A

Specific substances to be transported

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30
Q

What do specific substances to be transported bind to

A

Transporter proteins

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31
Q

What happens when transporter proteins bind to specific substances to be transported

A

They undergo a conformational change

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32
Q

When do transporter proteins undergo a conformational change

A

When they bind to specific substances to be transported

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33
Q

What does transporter proteins undergoing a conformational change allow them to do

A

To transfer the solute across the plasma membrane

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34
Q

What happens before a transporter protein can transfer the solute across the plasma membrane

A

A conformational change

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35
Q

Are channel proteins passive or active

A

Passive

36
Q

Speed of channel protein

A

Very rapid

37
Q

Are transporter proteins passive or active

A

Passive (facilitated) or active

38
Q

What do transporter proteins alternate between

A

2 confirmations

39
Q

Transporter proteins ________ between two confirmations

A

Alternate

40
Q
A
41
Q

________ alternate between two confirmations

A

Transporter proteins

42
Q

What does active transport use

A

Pump proteins

42
Q

What does active transport do

A

Transfer molecules against the concentration gradients

43
Q

What are pump proteins coupled to

A

An energy source

44
Q

Why are protein pumps coupled to a energy source

A

As a source of metabolic energy is required for active transport

45
Q

What do transporter proteins do to ATP

A

It is dephosphorylated

46
Q

What happens when ATP is dephosphorylated by transporter proteins

A

Energy is released and moves substance against the concentration gradient

47
Q

Going against the concentration gradient

A

Low concentration to high concentration

48
Q

When is energy released and moves substance against the concentration gradient

A

When ATP is dephosphorylated by transporter proteins

49
Q

Dephosphorylation meaning

A

Removing a Pi

So, ATP -> ADP + Pi

49
Q

GLUT4 transporter proteins

A

GLUT4 (glucose transporter) are found in muscle cells

They undergo conformational change to transport glucose molecules across the plasma membrane

50
Q

Going with the concentration gradient

A

High concentration to low concentration

51
Q

Channel proteins structure

A

Form a pore that extends across the membrane

Allowing specific ions and molecules to pass through

52
Q

Form a pore that extends across the membrane

Allowing specific ions and molecules to pass through

A

Channel protein structure

53
Q

Transporter protein structure

A

Bind to specific ions or molecules and change their confirmation to transport ions or molecules across the cell membrane

54
Q

Bind to specific ions or molecules and change their confirmation to transport ions or molecules across the cell membrane

A

Transporter proteins

55
Q

What does the electrochemical gradient consists of for a solute carrying a net charge

A

The concentration gradient and electrical potential difference combine to form the electrochemical gradient

56
Q

The concentration gradient and electrical potential difference combine to form the _________

A

Electrochemical gradient

57
Q

What determines the transport of the solute

A

The electrochemical gradient

58
Q

What determines the transport of the solute

A

The electrochemical gradient

59
Q

What does the electrochemical gradient apply to

A

A solute carrying a net charge

60
Q

What does the electrochemical gradient form from

A

Due to the net positive charge outside the cell and the net negative charge inside the cell

61
Q

What forms due to the net positive charge outside the cell and the net negative charge inside the cell

A

The electrochemical gradient

62
Q

When is membrane potential created

A

When there is a difference in electrical charge on the two sides of the membrane

63
Q

What is formed when there is a difference in electrical charge on the two sides of the membrane

A

Membrane potential

64
Q

Membrane potential aka

A

Electro potential difference

65
Q

Electro potential difference aka

A

Membrane potential

66
Q

What do ion pumps, eg sodium potassium pump, use to establish and maintain ion gradients

A

energy from hydrolysis of ATP

67
Q

What uses the hydrolysis of ATP to establish and maintain ion gradients

A

Ion pumps, eg sodium potassium pump

68
Q

What is created by ion pumps using energy from hydrolysis of ATP

A

Establishes and maintain ion gradients

69
Q

Channel protein summary (3)

A

Form a pore that extends across membrane, allowing specific ions/molecules to pass through

Passive

High speed diffusion

70
Q

Form a pore that extends across membrane, allowing specific ions/molecules to pass through

Passive

High speed diffusion

A

Channel protein

71
Q

Transporter protein (3)

A

Bind to specific ions/molecules and change theirconfirmationtotransport ions/molecules across cell membrane

Active or passive

Moves ions/molecules at slower rate

72
Q

Bind to specific ions/molecules and change theirconfirmationtotransport ions/molecules across cell membrane

Active or passive

Moves ions/molecules at slower rate

A

Transporter protein

73
Q

Sodium ion pump overview

A

Transports ions against a steep concentration gradient using energy directly from ATP hydrolysis

74
Q

What transports ions against a steep concentration gradient using energy directly from ATP hydrolysis

A

Sodium potassium pump

75
Q

How many ions does the sodium potassium pump bring in and out of the cell?

A

3 sodiumions out of the cell (extracellular)

2 potassiumions into the cell (intracellular)

76
Q

Sodium is pumped in/out of the cell

A

Out

77
Q

Potassium is pumped in/out of the cell

A

Into

78
Q

steps in the sodium potassium pump (10)

A

The sodium potassium pump transports ions against a steep concentration gradient

The sodium potassium pump requires energy from hydrolysis of ATP

The protein has high affinity for sodium ions inside the cell/ sodium ions from inside the cells bind
The protein becomes phosphorylated by ATP which changes the conformation (of the pump)

The affinity for sodium ions decreases resulting in sodium being released outside of the cell

Potassium ions from outside the cell bind to the sodium potassium pump

Dephosphorylation occurs which changes the conformation of the protein

Potassium ions are taken into the cell

The affinity returns to the start

3 sodium ions are transported out of the cell and 2 potassium ions are transported into the cell

The maintenance of ion gradients by the pump accounts for a significant part of the basal metabolic rate

79
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump establish

A

A chemical gradient and an electrical gradient

80
Q

Sodium potassium pump in small intestine

A

The pump creates a sodium gradient that drives the active transport of glucose

In the intestinal epithelial cells, the sodium possum pump generates a sodium ion gradient across the plasma membrane

81
Q

The pump creates a sodium gradient that drives the active transport of glucose

In the intestinal epithelial cells, the sodium possum pump generates a sodium ion gradient across the plasma membrane

A

Sodium potassium pump in the small intestine

82
Q

Glucose transporter in glucose symport

A

Transports glucose at the same time and in the same direction

Sodium ions enter the cell down their concentration gradient, the simultaneous transport of glucose into the cells against its concentration gradient

83
Q

Transports glucose at the same time and in the same direction

Sodium ions enter the cell down their concentration gradient, the simultaneous transport of glucose into the cells against its concentration gradient

A

Glucose transported in glucose symport

AH Biology (9 decks)

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