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AH Biology > 1.4 Communication and Signalling > Flashcards

1.4 Communication and Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrophilic signalling molecules behaviour

A

They bind to transmembrane receptors and do not enter the cytosol

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2
Q

What bind to transmembrane receptors and do not enter the cytosol

A

Hydrophilic signalling

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3
Q

Where do hydrophilic signalling molecules bind

A

Transmembrane receptors

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4
Q

What happens to transmembrane receptors when a ligand binds

A

Changes conformation

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5
Q

Signalling molecules are a type of

A

Ligand

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6
Q

Where do ligands bind to on receptors

A

It’s extracellular face

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7
Q

Do signal molecules enter the cell

A

No, but the signal is transduced across the membrane

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8
Q

What do transmembrane receptors act as

A

Signal transducers

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9
Q

How do transmembrane receptors act as signal transducers

A

By converting the extracellular ligand binding event into intracellular signals which alters the behaviour of the cell

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10
Q

What do transduced hydrophilic signals involve

A

G proteins

Or

Cascades of phosphorylation by kinase enzymes

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11
Q

What often involves…

G proteins

Or

Cascades of phosphorylation by kinase enzymes

A

Transduced hydrophilic signals

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12
Q

G proteins

A

Relay signals from activated receptors to target proteins such as enzymes and ion channels

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13
Q

Relay signals from activated receptors to target proteins such as enzymes and ion channels

A

G proteins

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14
Q

Activated receptors

A

Receptors that have bound a signalling molecule

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15
Q

Receptors that have bound a signalling molecule

A

Activated receptors

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16
Q

Cascades of phosphorylation by kinase enzymes

A

Involves a series of events with one kinase activating the next sequence and so on

Can result in the phosphorylation of many proteins as a result of the original signalling event

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17
Q

Involves a series of events with one kinase activating the next sequence and so on

Can result in the phosphorylation of many proteins as a result of the original signalling event

A

Cascades of phosphorylation by kinase enzymes

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18
Q

What does phosphorylation allow for

A

More than one intracellular signalling pathways to be activated

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19
Q

What allows for more than one intracellular signalling pathways to be activated

A

Phosphorylation cascades

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20
Q

What is insulin

A

Peptide hormone

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21
Q

What does the binding of insulin to its receptor result in

A

Intracellular signalling cascades that triggers recruitment of GLUT4 (glucose transporter proteins) to the cell membrane of fat and muscle cells

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22
Q

What causes intracellular signalling cascades that triggers recruitment of GLUT4 (glucose transporter proteins) to the cell membrane of fat and muscle cells

A

Binding of insulin to its receptor

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23
Q

What is GLUT4

A

Glucose transporter protein

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24
Q

Binding of insulin to receptor affect on receptor

A

Causes a conformational change

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25
Q

What does the conformational change of the receptor that insulin binds to cause

A

Triggers phosphorylation of the receptor

This starts a phosphorylation cascade inside the cell, eventually leads to GLUT4- containing vesicles tpbeing transported to the cell membrane

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26
Q

What is diabetes mellitus caused by

A

Failure to produce insulin

Or

Loss of receptor function

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27
Q

What is caused by either failure to produce insulin or loss of receptor function

A

Diabetes mellitus

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28
Q

What is type 2 diabetes associated with

A

Obesity

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29
Q

What disease is associated with obesity

A

Type 2 diabetes

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30
Q

Exercise affect on diabetes

A

Exercise triggers the recruitment of GLUT4, so can improve uptake of glucose to fat and muscle cells in people with type 2

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31
Q

How do multicellular organisms signal between cells

A

Using extracellular signalling molecules

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32
Q

What do extracellular signalling molecules allow multicellular organisms to do

A

Signal between cells

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33
Q

Examples of extracellular signalling molecules

A

Steroid hormones

Peptide hormones

Neurotransmitters

34
Q

Steroid hormones

Peptide hormones

Neurotransmitters

A

Examples of extracellular signalling molecules

35
Q

Receptors molecules of target cells are what

A

Proteins with a binding site for a specific signal molecule

36
Q

What does binding do to receptor

A

Changes the conformation

This initiates a response within a cell

37
Q

What do different cell types produce

A

Specific signals that can only be detected and responded to by cells with the specific receptor

38
Q

Effects of signalling molecules

A

May have different effects on different target cell types due to differences in the intracellular signalling molecules and pathways that are involved

39
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

A stare wheee there is no net flow of ions across the membrane

40
Q

A stare wheee there is no net flow of ions across the membrane

A

Resting membrane potential

41
Q

What does the transmission of nerve impulse require

A

A change in the membrane potential of the neurons plasma membrane

42
Q

Action potential

A

A wave of electrical excitation along a neurons plasma membrane

43
Q

A wave of electrical excitation along a neurons plasma membrane

A

Action potential

44
Q

How to neurotransmitters initiate a response

A

By binding to their receptor at a synapse

45
Q

What binds to a receptor with a synapse

A

Neurotransmitters

46
Q

What are neurotransmitters receptors

A

Ligand gated ion channels

47
Q

Depolarisation

A

A change in the membrane potential to a less negative value inside

48
Q

A change in the membrane potential to a less negative value inside

A

Depolarisation

49
Q

Depolarisation of the plasma membrane (3)

A

Entry of positive ions triggers the opening of voltage gated sodium channels

Depolarisation of the plasma membrane occurs as a result and further depolarisation occurs

50
Q

What restores the resting membrane potential

A

Inactivation of the sodium channels and the opening of potassium channels

51
Q

Effect of inactivation of the sodium channels and the opening of potassium channels

A

Restores the resting membrane

52
Q

Action of sodium channels and potassium channels to restore resting membrane potential (6)

A

Neurotransmitter binds to ligand gated ion channels at a synapse and the channel has a conformational change, it opens

Ion movement occurs and there is a depolarisation of the plasma membrane

If sufficient ion movement occurs, and the membrane is depolarised beyond a threshold value, the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels is triggered and sodium ions enter the cell down their electrochemical gradient.

This leads to a rapid and large change in the membrane potential

A short time after opening, the sodium channels become inactivated

Voltage gated potassium channels then open to allow potassium ions to move out of the cell and restore the resting membrane potential

53
Q

What does depolarisation of a patch of membrane cause

A

Neighbouring regions of membrane to depolarise and go through the same cycle, as adjacent voltage gated sodium channels are opened

54
Q

What causes depolarisation of neighbouring regions of membrane

A

Depolarisation of a patch of membrane

55
Q

What happens when the action potential reaches the end of the neuron

A

It causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the membrane

This releases neurotransmitter, which stimulates a response in a connecting cell

56
Q

What causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the membrane

This releases neurotransmitter, which stimulates a response in a connecting cell

A

When the action potential reaches the end of the neuron

57
Q

What does restoration of the resting membrane potential allow for

A

The inactive voltage gated sodium channels to return to a conformation that allows them to open again in response to depolarisation of the membrane

58
Q

What can hydrophobic signalling molecules do

A

Diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayers of membranes

And so bind to intracellular receptors

59
Q

What diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayers of membranes

And so bind to intracellular receptors

A

Hydrophobic signalling molecules

60
Q

What are the receptors for hydrophobic signalling molecules

A

Transcription factors

61
Q

What are transcription factors receptors for

A

Hydrophobic signalling molecules

62
Q

Transcription factors

A

proteins that when bound to DNA can either stimulate or inhibit initiation of transcription

63
Q

proteins that when bound to DNA can either stimulate or inhibit initiation of transcription

A

Transcription factors

64
Q

Examples of hydrophobic signalling molecules

A

The steroid hormones oestrogen and testosterone

65
Q

What are the steroid hormones oestrogen and testosterone

A

Hydrophobic signalling molecules

66
Q

What do steroid hormones bind to

A

Specific receptors in the cytosol or the nucleus

67
Q

What bind to specific receptors in the cytosol or the nucleus

A

steroid hormones

68
Q

What happens when hormones bind to receptors

A

The hormone receptor complex moves to the nucleus where it binds to specific sores on DNA and affects gene expression

69
Q

What does the hormone receptor complex bind to

A

Specific DNA sequences called hormone response elements (HREs)

70
Q

What bind to specific DNA sequences called hormone response elements (HREs)

A

Hormone receptor complex

71
Q

What does binding of hormone receptor complex to DNA cause

A

It influences the rate of transcription, with each steroid hormone affecting the gene expression of many different genes

72
Q

What influences the rate of transcription, with each steroid hormone affecting the gene expression of many different genes

A

Binding of hormone receptor complex to DNA

73
Q

Wendy happens when vesicles containing neurotransmitter fuse with the membrane

A

Neurotransmitter is released which stimulates a response in a connecting cell

74
Q

What causes neurotransmitter to be released which stimulates a response in a connecting cell

A

When vesicles containing neurotransmitters fuse with the membrane

75
Q

What restores ion concentration gradients

A

The sodium potassium pump

76
Q

Sodium potassium pump overview

A

Actively transports excess ions in and out of the cell

77
Q

What happens to the sodium and potassium ion concentration gradients following repolarisation

A

The gradients are reduced

78
Q

What reduces the sodium and potassium ion concentration gradients

A

Repolarisation

79
Q

What restores the sodium and potassium ions back to resting potential levels

A

The sodium potassium pump

80
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump do to the resting potential levels

A

Restores the sodium and potassium ions back to resting potential levels

AH Biology (9 decks)

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