3.1 Scientific Principles

Question 1

Scientific cycle

Answer 1

Observation and background research

Construct a testable hypothesis

Gather, record and analyse data

Evaluate results and form conclusions

Revise hypothesis if necessary

Question 2

Vitro meaning

Answer 2

Performing procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

Question 3

Performing procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

Answer 3

Vitro

Question 4

Advantages and disadvantages of in vitro

Answer 4

Controllable, repeatable, cheap, rapid, may avoid ethical and regulatory issues

Extrapolation to a whole organism or natural ecosystem is difficult and chronic effects are not tested

Question 5

Controllable, repeatable, cheap, rapid, may avoid ethical and regulatory issues

Extrapolation to a whole organism or natural ecosystem is difficult and chronic effects are not tested

Answer 5

In vitro

Question 6

In vivo

Answer 6

Experimentation using a whole, living organism in the laboratory or nature

Question 7

Experimentation using a whole, living organism in the laboratory or nature

Answer 7

Vivo

Question 8

Hypothesis

Answer 8

a prediction of how a dependent variable would change when an independent variable is altered experimentally

Question 9

a prediction of how a dependent variable would change when an independent variable is altered experimentally

Answer 9

Hypothesis

Question 10

What should a hypothesis be

Answer 10

Unambiguous and be able to be tested, measured and falsified

Question 11

Null hypothesis

Answer 11

proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect on the dependent variable when the independent variable is altered experimentally

Question 12

proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect on the dependent variable when the independent variable is altered experimentally

Answer 12

Null hypothesis

Question 13

Value of null hypothesis

Answer 13

Easy to test using statistical analysis

It can be supported or rejected with a high level of confidence

Question 14

Easy to test using statistical analysis

It can be supported or rejected with a high level of confidence

Answer 14

Null hypothesis value

Question 15

Failure to find a negative result

Answer 15

Is a valid finding

As long as the experiment is well designed

Question 16

Accepted ideas

Answer 16

Those best supported by empirical data

Question 17

When should scientific ideas be accepted

Answer 17

Once they have been checked independently

Question 18

Benefit of checking findings independently

Answer 18

So effects must be reproducible

One off results should be treated with caution

Question 19

What ensures effects must be reproducible

One off results should be treated with caution

Answer 19

Checking ideas independently

Question 20

Standard structure of scientific paper

Answer 20

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

References

Question 21

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

References

Answer 21

Structure

Question 22

Abstract

Answer 22

A brief summary of aims and main findings of work

Question 23

A brief summary of aims and main findings of work

Answer 23

Abstract

Question 24

puts the work into context and includes any hypothesis→
independent/dependent variables + controls

Answer 24

Introduction

Question 25

Introduction

Answer 25

puts the work into context and includes any hypothesis, independent/dependent variables + controls

Question 26

Method

Answer 26

describes the procedure followed and the materials and instrumentation used

contain enough detail so it can be repeated, valid and reliable with accurate sample size if needed

Question 27

describes the procedure followed and the materials and instrumentation used

contain enough detail so it can be repeated, valid and reliable with accurate sample size if needed

Answer 27

Method

Question 28

Results

Answer 28

where data is presented and analysed

graphs and tables (error bars, mean, median, mode, range etc)

Question 29

where data is presented and analysed

graphs and tables (error bars, mean, median, mode, range etc)

Answer 29

Results

Question 30

Discussion

Answer 30

where conclusions are drawn and evaluations of various aspects of work included

Question 31

where conclusions are drawn and evaluations of various aspects of work included

Answer 31

Discussion

Question 32

References

Answer 32

Harvard (alphabetical)

Or

Vancouver (at the end)

Question 33

Harvard (alphabetical)

Or

Vancouver (at the end)

Answer 33

References

Question 34

Reputable journals ensure…

Answer 34

All papers are peer reviewed (however, due to medical inertia it can take years for ideas to be established as facts) and critically evaluated

unbiased presentation of results

citing and providing references

avoiding plagerism

Integrity and honesty of scientists

Question 35

All papers are peer reviewed (however, due to medical inertia it can take years for ideas to be established as facts) and critically evaluated

unbiased presentation of results

citing and providing references

avoiding plagerism

Integrity and honesty of scientists

Answer 35

Reputable journals ensure

Question 36

Summarise the current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

Written by scientists of that area

Answer 36

Review articles

Question 37

Review articles

Answer 37

Summarise the current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

Written by scientists of that area

Question 38

Science coverage in the wider media

Answer 38

Should be critically evaluated by producers editors viewers and readers

Question 39

3 rs for animal studies aim

Answer 39

To avoid, reduce, or minimise the harm to animals

Question 40

To avoid, reduce, or minimise the harm to animals

Answer 40

Aim of 3rs

Question 41

3Rs in animal studies

Answer 41

Replacement: using alternatives such as cell or tissue samples rather than a whole organism

Reduction: changing the experimental design or statistical methods to lower the number of individual animals requires

Refinement: consideration of how experiments are carried out to ensure minimum pain or harm

Question 42

Nuremberg code

Answer 42

Informed consent and the right to withdraw data and confidentiality are key factors to scientific work involving human studied

Question 43

Informed consent and the right to withdraw data and confidentiality are key factors to scientific work involving human studied

Answer 43

Nuremburg code