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Biology Y1 > 3.1.2 carbohydrates > Flashcards

3.1.2 carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of amylose?

A
  • Formed from alpha glucose
  • Straight chain
  • Only 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • Often forms a spiral held together by hydrogen bonds
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2
Q

What bonds join monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic

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3
Q

Are disaccharides soluble? Are disaccharides reducing sugars?

A

Are soluble- dissolve to form sweet tasting solutions
Some are reducing sugars like maltose and lactose

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4
Q

What are maltose, sucrose and lactose? How is each formed?

A

Disaccharides formed in condensation reactions of…
* Glucose and glucose = maltose
* Glucose and galactose = lactose
* Glucose and fructose = sucrose
Forming a glycosidic bond

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5
Q

What are the polymers present in starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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6
Q

Monosaccharides with 6 carbon atoms are called…

A

Hexoses

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7
Q

What are 3 examples of hexoses? What are they used for?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose. Used as a source of energy in respiration and to form larger molecules.

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8
Q

Monosaccharides are s______ , w_____ c_________ solids.

A

Monosaccharides are soluble, white crystalline solids.

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9
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

Cx(H20)y

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10
Q

What are 3 common groups of monomers? MOVE

A

Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Nucleotides

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11
Q

Describe the structure and function of cellulose

A
  • Long straight beta glucose chains joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds in condensation reactions
  • Become linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form (micro)fibrils
  • Provide strength to cell wall
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12
Q

What are the 2 main roles of carbohydrates?

A
  • Structural
  • Energy sources
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13
Q

What specific glycosidic bonds can form in the condensation of monosaccharides?

A
  • 1 - 4 glycosidic bond or 1-6 glycosidic bond
  • Hydrogen from carbon 1 reacts with hydroxyl group from carbon 4/6
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14
Q

What are the 3 main groups of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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15
Q

Monosaccharides are __________ sugars

A

Reducing (donate electrons)

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16
Q

How do beta glucose molecules form cellulose?

A

Due to different position of C1 OH group, molecules rotate 180* when they condense to form a chain.
Hydrogen bonds between chains.

17
Q

What are the isomers of glucose? What’s the difference between them?

A

ABBA
Alpha (OH on C1 is) Below ring
Beta (OH on C1 is) Above ring

18
Q

What is the structure and function of glycogen

A
  • lots of branching (bc 1-6 glycosidic bonds) –> large SA for quick and easy hydrolysis into a glucose by enzymes for respiration
  • Large but compact –> maximises amount of energy stored
  • Insoluble–> WP not affected, can’t leave cells, easy storage
  • polysaccharide of alpha glucose joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • Main storage compound in animals
  • Stored in liver (released into blood for widespread use) and muscle cells (for muscles)
19
Q

What isomers of glucose form a. Starch b. Glycogen c. Cellulose

A

A. a glucose
B. a glucose
C. B glucose

20
Q

What is the structure and function of starch?

A
  • Coiled/helical - so it’s compact, can store a lot in a small space
  • Insoluble - so there is no osmotic effect/ doesn’t affect water potential, doesn’t diffuse out of cells
  • (Amylopectin) is branched - so it’s easy and faster to hydrolyse into alpha glucose for use in respiration
  • Large molecule - so can’t leave cell, large number of glucose molecules provides respiratory substrate for energy release
21
Q

What’s the general formula of monosaccharides? What is n between?

A

CnH2nOn
(CH2O)n

3 and 7

22
Q

Which enzymes hydrolyse a. Maltose, b. Sucrose, c. Lactose? Where are they produced?

A

A. Maltase
B. Sucrase
C. Lactase

Epithelial cells that line the small intestine (ileum)

23
Q

How is the structure of glycogen adapted for its function?

A
  • coiled so compact
  • polymer of glucose so easily hydrolysed
  • branched so many ends for faster hydrolysis
  • polymer of glucose so provides respiratory substrate for energy release
  • Insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential or osmosis/ not easily lost from cell
24
Q

Describe the role of enzymes in the digestion of starch

A
  • Amylase
  • starch to maltose
  • maltase
  • maltose to glucose
  • hydrolysis
  • of glycosidic bond

Biology Y1 (23 decks)

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