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!Pharmacy Tech year 1 > 311 - Malignant disease, immunosuppressive and muskoskeletal medicines > Flashcards

311 - Malignant disease, immunosuppressive and muskoskeletal medicines Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

DNA is wound in a double helix.

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2
Q

What are the bases in DNA?

A
  • adenine
  • thymine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
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3
Q

What is the process in which DNA replicates itself?

A

Replication is the process where DNA copies itself.

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4
Q

What does semi-conservative replication mean?

A

When the DNA copies itself, one half is a copy, one half is the old strand in the new helix. - Helps to reduce the number of copy errors.

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5
Q

What does apoptosis mean?

A

Apoptosis is programmed cell death.

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6
Q

What is neoplasm?

A

Neoplasm is a new and abnormal growth of tissue in a part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer.

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7
Q

What does metastasised mean?

A

Metastasised means parts of the tumour break off and travel around the body.

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8
Q

What are the differences between normal cells and cancer cells?

A
  • normal cells have lots of cytoplasm
  • cancer cells have a small amount of cytoplasm
  • normal cells are generally single nucleate
  • cancer cells have an irregular nucleus ‘bleb’ and are often multinucleate
  • fine chromatin in normal cells
  • coarse chromatin in cancer cells
  • normal cells have controlled, restricted growth (stop replicating at the correct time)
  • cancer cells have uncontrolled growth (do not obey signals from neighbouring cells so may carry on replicating)
  • normal cells will mature into specialised cells
  • cancer cells will remain immature and unspecialised
  • remain where they are intended
  • spread to different parts of the body
  • normal cells reproduce exact copies
  • cancer cells may not be exact copies
  • normal cells self-destruct if they are damaged
  • cancer cells do not initiate apoptosis
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9
Q

What are the four stages of malignant tumour growth (in order)?

A
  1. hyperplasia
  2. dysplasia
  3. carcinoma in situ
  4. carcinoma (invasive)
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10
Q

What happens in the hyperplasia stage of malignant tumour growth?

A
  • enlargement of an organ or tissue due to an increased reproduction rate of cells
  • this is often the initial stage
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11
Q

What happens in the dysplasia stage of malignant tumour growth?

A
  • the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue
  • this may indicate the stage prior to the development of cancer
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12
Q

What happens in the carcinoma in situ stage of malignant tumour growth?

A
  • this stage is also known as ‘in situ’ neoplasm & it refers to a group of abnormal cells that do not invade surrounding tissue
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13
Q

What happens in the carcinoma (invasive) stage of malignant tumour growth?

A
  • most common type of cancer that has arisen from epithelial cells/tissues
  • they are neoplastic cells that invade surrounding tissues (most common)
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14
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Metastasis is the medical term for cancer that has spread to different parts of the body from where it started.

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15
Q

What are the stages of metastasis?

(8 points, long written)

A
  1. cancer has a tendency to spread to other areas of the body from the original site
  2. if the spread happens the original site of the cancer is called the primary cancer and the new site is called the metastasis/secondary cancer
  3. cancer can either travel in the blood system/lymph system
  4. cancer cells move about more easily because they have a tendency to not coagulate compared to normal cells. This allows them to break off and spread.
  5. they pass through the lymph/blood vessel wall in order to break off and spread
  6. the cancer is then carried to other parts of the body via the circulation until it stops or lodges in a different area, where it will develop
  7. in order to develop it needs to break through the lymph/blood vessel wall & into a tissue site in order to create a metastasis
  8. in order for a metastasis to occur it requires many thousands of cancer cells to travel through the blood/lymph system to lead to a secondary growth.
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16
Q

What are the two types of tumour?

A

Tumours can be benign or malignant.

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17
Q

Which type of tumour is cancerous and will invade nearby tissues and organs and cause damage?

A

A malignant tumour can invade nearby tissues and organs and cause damage.

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18
Q

What are cancers of the blood called?

A

Cancers of the blood are called leukaemia.

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19
Q

What are cancers that develop in the surface linings of organs and the skin called?

A

Carcinomas develop in the surface linings of organs.

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20
Q

What are cancers that appear in the cells of solid tissues such as muscle or bone called?

A

Cancers that appear in the cells of solid tissues such as muscle or bone are called sarcomas.

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21
Q

What is the most common type (the group) of cancer?

A

Carcinomas are the most common.

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22
Q

What are some symptoms of cancer?

A
  • lump/swelling
  • unexplained bleeding
  • unusual bowel habits
  • unexplained weight loss
  • tiredness
  • poor appetite
  • night sweats
  • fever
  • anaemia
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23
Q

TRUE or FALSE

A low grade tumour is likely to be more aggressive than a high grade tumour.

A

FALSE!

A low grade tumour is likely to be less aggressive than a higher grade tumour.

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24
Q

What are the three main types of treatment for cancers?

A
  • surgery
  • radiotherapy
  • chemotherapy
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25
Q

What types (very general group) of tumour can surgery be used for?

A

Surgery is the main treatment for most solid tumours. Some non-cancerous tissue surrounding the cancer may also be removed to prevent the disease from returning.

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26
Q

What does radiotherapy use to kill a tumour?

A

Radiotherapy uses the radiation from x-rays to kill tumours.

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27
Q

What are some side effects of radiotherapy?

A
  • tiredness
  • lack of appetite
  • depression
  • radiation to the pelvic region can cause early menopause
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28
Q

What types (general groups) of cancer can chemotherapy be used against?

A

Chemotherapy can be used against both solid and blood tumours.

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29
Q

What factors affect which type of chemotherapy is used?

A
  • type of cancer
  • where the primary cancer is
  • grade of the cancer
  • whether the cancer has spread
30
Q

What is the problem with chemotherapy?

A

Chemotherapy does not only target cancer cells. Targets any fast dividing cell.

Other rapidly dividing cells that are targeted include:

  • bone marrow
  • skin
  • hair-producing cells
  • cells that line the mouth and digestive system
31
Q

What are the associated side effects of chemotherapy?

A
  • extravasation
  • oral mucositis
  • hyperuricaemia
  • nausea and vomiting
  • bone marrow suppression
  • alopecia
  • reproductive function
  • thromboembolism
32
Q

What is extravasation?

A

Extravasation refers to the leakage of fluids from a vein into the surrounding tissues which causes severe local necrosis.

33
Q

What is hyperuricaemia?

A

Hyperuricemia is an excess of uric acid in the blood.

34
Q

What is oral mucositis?

A

Oral mucositis refers to erythematous and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa observed in patients with cancer being treated with chemotherapy, and/or with radiation therapy to fields involving the oral cavity.

35
Q

What is a thromboembolism?

A

A thromboembolism is an obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation.

36
Q

Which drugs are used to treat the associated nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy?

A
  • cyclizine
  • dexamethasone
  • domperidone
  • metaclopramide
  • ondansetron
37
Q

Which drugs are used to treat the oral mucositis associated with chemotherapy?

A
  • chlorhexidine
  • benzydamine
  • caphosol
  • gelclair
38
Q

How is extravasation prevented in chemotherapy administration.

A

Appropriate training is given to try to minimise incidents of extravasation.

39
Q

Which drug is used to treat hyperuricaemia in chemotherapy?

A
  • allpurinol
40
Q

Which drugs are used to minimise bone marrow suppresion in chemotherapy treatment?

A
  • filgrastim
  • antibiotics
41
Q

What is used to prevent chemotherapy affecting reproductive function?

A

Freeze eggs + sperm

42
Q

What is used to treat thromboembolism due to chemotherapy?

A
  • enoxaparin
43
Q

What is used to prevent alopecia as a side effect of chemotherapy?

A

Cold caps are used to try and stop alopecia as a result of chemotherapy.

44
Q

What is the aim of palliative care?

A
  • improve quality of life
  • relieve rather than cure the illness to allow the patient to live more comfortably
45
Q

What is included in a palliative care package?

A
  • pain relief
  • anti-sickness
  • OTs/physios
  • priests
  • counseling -pre and post death for the family
  • feeds and fluids
46
Q

What percentage of cancers are carcinomas?

A

Carcinomas make up 85% of types of cancer.

47
Q

Which type of tissues do carcinomas affect?

A
  • skin
  • tissues lining organs
48
Q

Which type of tissues do sarcomas affect?

A
  • connective or non-epithelial tissue
    • fat
    • muscle
    • blood vessels
    • deep skin tissues
    • tendons
    • ligaments
49
Q

How common are sarcomas?

A

Sarcomas are approximately 1 in every 100 types of cancer.

50
Q

Which tissues do leukaemias affect?

A
  • starts in the blood-forming tissue, usually bone marrow
51
Q

Which percentage of cancers are leukaemias?

A

Leukaemias are about 3% of all cancers but are common in children.

52
Q

Where are lymphomas found?

A

Lymphomas start in the immune system.

Cells divide abnormally and do not die so collect in lymph nodes and other immune tissues (spleen) & grow into tumours.

53
Q

What percentage of cancers are lymphomas?

A

Lymphomas are about 5% of all cancers.

54
Q

Where are germ cell tumours found?

A
  • a new growth derived from germ cells usually occur inside the gonads
  • GCTs that originate outside the gonads can be because of birth defects
55
Q

Where are blastomas found?

A

Malignancies in precursor cells called blasts.

Affects the brain and eyes

56
Q

Where are gliomas?

A

Gliomas are a type of tumour that originates in the glial cells in the nervous system, these affect the brain and spine.

57
Q

Where do melanomas occur?

A

Melanomas occur in melanin forming cells called melanocytes.

58
Q

What are the different groups of cyto drugs?

A
  • alkylating agents
  • anthracyclines & related drugs
  • antimetabolites
  • vinca alkaloids
  • platinum compounds
  • monoclonal antibodies
  • taxanes
59
Q

Which is the most widely used chemotherapy drug group?

A

Alkylating agents are the most widely used chemotherapy drug group.

60
Q

What is the mode of action of anthrcyclines and related drugs?

A

incorporate into new nuclear material or combine with vital enzymes preventing cell division.

61
Q

What are drug examples of antimetabolite (chemotherapy) drugs?

A
  • capecitabine
  • flourouracil
  • gemcitabine
62
Q

Which type of cancers are antimetabolites used to treat?

A

Antimetabolites treat

  • stage 3 colon cancer
  • lung cancer
  • GI tract tumours
63
Q

Which cancers are vinca alkaloids used to treat?

A
  • leukaemias
  • lymphomas
  • some solid tumours such as breast and lung cancer
64
Q

What is the mode of action of vinca alkaloids?

A

Vinca alkaloids work by disrupting microtubules (involved in cell division) & therefore prevent the cells from dividing.

65
Q

Which cytotoxic drugs are examples of platinum compounds?

A
  • cisplatin
  • oxaliplatin
  • carboplatin
66
Q

What is the mode of action of platinum compounds?

A

Platinum compounds attach to bases of DNA & prevent the DNA from replicating & therefore stopping cell division.

67
Q

What are examples of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • cetuximab
  • traztuzamab
  • daratumumab
  • rituximab
68
Q

What are mabs generally used to treat?

A

mabs can be used to treat:

  • early stage breast cancer
  • colorectal cancer
  • follicular lymphoma
69
Q

What are the modes of action of mabs?

A

There are several modes of action

  • attaching a chemotherapeutic agent to the antibody and used as a means of transport
  • when attach to the antigen for the cancer the chemotherapeutic agent has a localised action by stopping cell division
70
Q

How is the consistency of taxanes described?

A

Taxanes are gloopy in consistency.

71
Q

What is the mode of action of taxanes?

A

Mitotic inhibitor, means inhibits tumours by preventing cells from entering mitosis, a process of cell division.

!Pharmacy Tech year 1 (22 decks)

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