304 - Human Physiology for Pharmacy Flashcards
Label the organelles.
- cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- chromatin
- nucleolus
- ribosomes (on rough ER)
- endoplasmic reticulum
- mitochondria
- vesicle/lysosome
- golgi apparatus
- centrioles
What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of cells with a specialised function.
What is the scientific name of an egg cell?
An ovum/oocyte
What does the phospholipid bilayer look like?
- two layers of phospholipids
- contains proteins, some extend all the way through the membrane
What is the structure of the nucleus?
- circular
- pores
- contains DNA
Which is the ony cell in the human body without a nucleus?
A red blood cell (an erythrocyte) lacks a nucleus).
Which is the largest organelle?
The nucleus is the largest organelle.
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
- sausage-shaped
- has inner membrane
- cristae = projections
What is the structure of the ribosomes?
- small, spherical structures
What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?
- series of interconnecting membranous canals
What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
- stacks of closely folded flattened membranous cells
What is the structure of lysosomes?
- small, round organelles
- ‘binmen’ of the cell
What is the structure of the cytoplasm?
- fluid containing many protein enzymes
- helps the cell maintain its shape
What are the types of tissue?
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- cardiac
- smooth
- skeletal
Is skeletal muscle under conscious or unconscious control?
The contraction of skeletal muscle is under conscious control.
Is smooth muscle under conscious or or unconscious control?
Smooth muscle is under unconscious control.
What is the function of smooth muscle?
- regulation of blood vessels (diameter)
- propels contents of the ureters
- expels contents of the bladder and uterus
- GI tract
Is cardiac muscle under conscious or unconscious control?
Cardiac muscle is under unconscious control.
What is the function of the cardiac muscle?
- alternate contraction and relaxation
- stimulated by nerve impulse
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
- support/posture
- protection
- movement
Label this diagram of an axon.
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Responding to stimuli and transmitting impulses from one body organ to another.
What is nervous tissue made up of?
- neurons
- glial cells
What are the three types of neurones?
- motor neuron
- interneuon
- sensory neuron
What are sensory neurons also referred to as?
Afferent neurons = sensory neuron
Where do sensory neurons transmit signals?
Sensory neurons transmit signals from the sensory organs to the CNS.
Where do motor neurons conduct signals?
Motor neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to the target organs.
Where are interneurons located?
Interneurons are located between the primary sensory neurone and the motor neurone.
Label the bones
Label the bones
Label the bones
Label the bones
Label the bones
Label the bones
Label the bones
Label the bones
Label the bones
Where would you find cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle is found in the heart.
Where would you find skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle is found in the muscles alongside bones. (eg biceps)
Where would you find smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of hollow organs.
What is the function of cartilage?
- Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints
- Structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs.
- Holds things open (eg rings of the trachea)
- shock absorption
What is the function of the tendons?
- tough bands of connective tissue (made mostly of collagen) that attach a muscle to a bone.
Which are the fat soluble vitamins?
- vitamin A
- vitamin D
- vitamin E
- vitamin K
Which are the water soluble vitamins?
- vitamin B
- vitamin C
Where are the main hormones for regulating blood glucose produced?
The main hormones for regulating blood glucose levels are found in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
Which hormone do the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete?
The alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon.
Which hormone do the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete?
The beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin.
What is the function of the mouth?
- breaks food down mechanically (chewing)
- breaks food down chemically (enzymes eg amylase in saliva)
so it can be easily digested.
What is the function of the oesophagus?
- transports chewed food from the mouth to the stomach via peristalsis
Label the digestive system
What is the function of the pancreas?
- secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum to digest macronutrients
- makes hormones to regulate blood glucose (glucagon and insulin)
What are the sections of the small intestine?
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
What is the function of the large intestine?
- muscular tube that moves digestive byproduct/stool (waste) along by peristalsis
- absorbs water back into the body
What are the sections of the large intestine?
- cecum (blind gut)
- ascending colon (right)
- transverse colon (across)
- descending colon (left)
- sigmoid colon (connects to the rectum)
What are the main functions of the liver? (5)
- metabolism - process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine
- storage - glucose, fat soluble vitamins, minerals
- enzyme production - for metabolism, fibrinogen
- detoxification - breaks down drugs
- digestion- bile from the liver is secreted into the small intestine for digestion of fat
Where do you find nervous tissue?
Everywhere. It is located throughout the body.
What is the function of the axon? (Nervous tissue)
Conducts electrical impulses away from the nerve cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands.
What is the structure of an axon? (Nervous tissue)
An axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron.
What is the structure of dendrons/dendrites?
Dendrites, also dendrons, are branched protoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell.
What is the function of dendrons/dendrites?
Dendrites propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.
What is the structure of the nucleus in a nerve cell?
The nucleus of a neuron is an oval shaped membrane-bound structure found in the soma or body of the neuron. It contains the nucleolus and chromosomes.
What is the structure of the Schwann cells?
Myelinating Schwann cells wrap around axons of motor and sensory neurons to form the myelin sheath
What is the function of Schwann cells?
Schwann cells are involved in the conduction of nervous impulses along axons among other functions. Schwann cell insulate the axon so nerve impulses jump to the nodes of Ranvier.
What is the structure of myelin?
Myelin is a lipid-rich (fatty) substance that surrounds nerve cell axons
What is the function of myelin sheath?
Myelin surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which information (encoded as electrical impulses) is passed along the axon.
What is the structure and function of the nodes of Ranvier?
Nodes of Ranvier occur along a myelinated axon where they are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels. Nerve conduction in myelinated axons is referred to as saltatory conduction due to the manner in which the action potential seems to “jump” from one node to the next along the axon. This results in faster conduction of the action potential.
What is the structure of skeletal muscle?
- Bundles of contractile fibres, appear like stripes
- Muscle cells are long and multinucleated
What is the structure of smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is composed of sheets or strands of smooth muscle cells.
What is the function of the arteries?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
What is the function of veins?
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
What is the function of the capillaries?
Capillaries are for gaseous exchange.
What are the bursae?
- sacs filled with synovial fluid
- found under tendons
- provide cushioning
What are the different types of joint?
- ball & socket
- hinge
- gliding
- pivot
- saddle
- condyloid
Label the heart
Label the heart
Label the heart
What is the role of the nasal cavity in respiration?
- warms the air
- dust/particles removed by short thick hairs
What is the function of the trachea in respiration?
- cillia remove particles
What is the function of the alveoli in respiration?
- large surface area for gaseous exchange
What is the role of the capillaries in respiration?
- thin walls (1 cell thick) for gaseous exchange
What are the main roles of the lymph? (3)
- picks up toxins and waste and carries it to the lymph nodes
- WBC in nodes destroy pathogens
- returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood
- defence
- absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins
transports nutrients to the cells, communication and the removal of metabolic waste
What is lymph made up of?
Lymph is made up of:
- proteins
- salts
- glucose
- fats
- water (90%)
- white blood cells
What are the areas of the body where lymph nodes tend to cluster?
- neck
- underarms
- groin
All areas of the body have lymph capillaries except…?
All areas of the body have lymph capillaries except the:
- bone marrow
- central nervous system
- tissues such as the epidermis that lack blood vessels
What are the two sections that the nervous system is divided up into?
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
Which is usually the smallest type of neuron?
The interneurons are usually much smaller than the sensory and motor neurons.
What does the cell body of the neuron do?
The cell body produces protein.
What does the nucleus in the neuron do?
The nucleus controls the cell.
What do the dendrons of a neuron do?
A dendron carries the signal.
What do the dendrites of neurons do?
Dendrites receive signals from adjacent cells.
What does the axon of a nerve cell do?
The axon transmits the nerve impulse.
What does the Schwann cells of neurones do?
Schwann cells provide myelination.
What does the myelin sheath of neurons do?
The myelin sheath is an insulating electrical layer.
What do the nodes of Ranvier of neurons do?
The nodes of Ranvier are periodic gaps along the axon that facilitate rapid conduction.
What does the axon terminal of the neuron do?
The axon terminal passes the nerve impulse to other cells.
Label the skin
- sebaceous gland
- hair shaft
- epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous layer
- nerve
- sweat gland
What is the function of the sebaceous gland?
The sebaceous gland produces sebum.
What is the function of the epidermis?
The epidermis is the outer layer for protection.
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?
The subcutaneous layer is structural, it regulates temperature & insulates.
What is the function of the hair shaft?
The hair shaft is useful for temperature regulation.
What is the function of the sweat gland?
The sweat gland is used for temperature regulation and protection.
What is the function of the dermis?
The dermis regulates temperature and supplies nutrient-rich blood.
What is the function of the nerve (in skin)?
The nerve is responsible for sensory information.
Which organs/glands secrete hormones?
- pineal gland
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- thymus
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes
What are examples of homeostasis?
- water concentration
- temperature
- blood glucose concentration
What is the negative feedback loop?
- conditions change from set point
- change is detected
- corrective mechanism switched on
- conditions return to set point
- corrective mechanisms switched off
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. These need to be regulated despite changes in the environment, diet, or level of activity. Each of these variables is controlled by one or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms, which together maintain life.
Where is adrenaline secreted from?
Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal medulla.
What is the role of adrenaline?
Adrenaline prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’.
What is adrenalines target organs?
Adrenaline targets the vital organs.
Where is oestrogen secreted from?
Oestrogen is secreted from the ovaries.
What are the target organs for oestrogen?
Oestrogen targets the ovaries, uterus and pituitary gland.
What is the role of oestrogen?
- controld puberty and the menstrual cycle in females
- stimulates production of LH and suppresses production of FSH in the pituitary
Where is progesterone secreted from?
The ovaries secrete progesterone.
What is the target organ of progesterone?
Progesterone targets the uterus.
What is the role of progesterone?
- maintains womb lining
- suppresses FSH production in the pituitary
Where is follicle stimulating hormone produced?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced in the pituitary gland.
What is the target organ of FSH?
FSH targets the ovaries.
What is the role of FSH?
FSH triggers egg ripening and oestrogen production in the ovaries.
Where is luteinising hormone (LH) produced?
LH is produced in the pituitary gland.
What is the target organ of LH?
LH targets the ovaries.
What is the role of LH?
LH triggers egg release and progesterone production in the ovaries.
Which hormones are produced by the ovaries?
Oestrogen and progesterone are produced by the ovaries.
Which hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?
luiteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are produced by the pituitary gland.
Which hormone do the testes produce?
Testosterone is produced by the testes.
What is the target organ of testosterone?
The male reproductive organs are the target of testosterone.
What is the role of testosterone?
Testosterone controls puberty in males.
Where is cortisol secreted from?
Cortisol is secreted from the adrenal cortex.
What is the role of cortisol?
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, it is released in response to stress and low blood-glucose concentration. It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. It also decreases bone formation.
What does cortisol act on?
Cortisol acts on liver, fat. muscle etc.
What happens in the event of high blood pressure?
- sensors in the kidney will detect levels of salts and pressure in the blood stream
- renin production in the kidney is suppressed
- the kidneys reduce the reabsorption of water into the blood and produce watery, dilute urine.
What happens in the event of low blood pressure?
- sensors in the kidney will detect levels of salts and pressure
- in the event of low blood pressure, the enzyme renin is produced
- renin causes the formation of angiotensin II
- angiotensin II causes blood vessels to contract
- concentrated urine is produced which allow more water to remain in the blood
Label the diagram
Label the diagram
Label the diagram
What is the function of the ovaries?
The ovaries are a ductless gland that produces eggs and the hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
What is the function of the uterus?
The womb is a hollow muscular organism for the development of eggs.
What is the function of the placenta?
- mum and baby have a separate blood supply
- nourishes the baby
- removes baby’s waste
- oxygenates baby
