301: Chemical principles for pharmacy technicians

Question 1

What is the definition of matter?

Answer 1

Matter is anything with mass that occupies a space.

Question 2

What is the atomic number?

Answer 2

The atomic number is the number of protons

Question 3

What is the mass number?

Answer 3

The mass number is the number of protons and neutrons

Question 4

What is the mass of a neutron?

Answer 4

The mass of a neutron is 1.

Question 5

What are transition metals usually used for?

Answer 5

Transition metals are usually used as catalysts in reactions and are usually colourful compounds.

Question 6

Atoms of different elements have different numbers of what?

Answer 6

Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons in the nucleus, this is called the atomic number.

Question 7

How many electrons are held in the first shell?

Answer 7

The first shell holds 2 electrons

Question 8

How many electrons are held in the second shell?

Answer 8

8 electrons are held in the second shell

Question 9

How many electrons are held in the third electron shell?

Answer 9

18 electrons are held in the third electron shell

Question 10

How many electrons are held in the fourth electron shell?

Answer 10

32 electrons are held in the fourth electron shell

Question 11

What are ions?

Answer 11

Ions are atoms or molecules with charge.

Question 12

What is the electron configuration defined as?

Answer 12

The electron configuration is defined as the arrangement and distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals.

Question 13

What is responsible for the chemical properties of an element?

Answer 13

The number of electrons in the outer shell are responsible for the chemical properties of that element. (ie the group it is in).

Question 14

What is the trend down the group in metallic elements?

Answer 14

In METALLIC elements the elements get more reactive down the group.
Their melting and boiling points increase.

Question 15

What is the reaction trend with non-metallic elements?

Answer 15

Non-metallic elements are more reactive up the group.

Question 16

What trends are there from left to right across periods?

Answer 16

• metallic solid ➡️ metalloid/non-, metal solid ➡️ non-metal gas
• good electrical conductivity ➡️ poor electrical conductivity
• ionisation energies increase from left to right

Question 17

What are intermolecular bonds?

Answer 17

• covalent
• ionic
• metallic

Question 18

What are intramolecular bonds?

Answer 18

• hydrogen

* van der waals

Question 19

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 19

A covalent bond is characterised by the sharing of electrons between atoms

Question 20

What types of covalent molecules are there?

Answer 20

Covalent molecules are either simple or macromolecular (giant) structure.

Question 21

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 21

Polar covalent bonds occur when one of the atoms is more electronegative so has a greater attraction for the shared pair of electrons in the covalent bond.
Results in a shift of electron density to the more electronegative atom.
Creates a slightly positive and slightly negative dipole.

Question 22

What is electronegativity defined as?

Answer 22

Electronegativity is defined as the force of attraction for the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond.

Question 23

What is electronegativity measured on?

Answer 23

Electronegativity is measured on the Pauling scale.

Question 24

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 24

An ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 25

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 25

A hydrogen bond resulted from a dipole - dipole force between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine

Question 26

How are metallic bonds arranged?

Answer 26

Rows of metallic cations in a sea of delocalised electrons

Question 27

What are van der Waals forces also known as?

Answer 27

• instantaneous dipole-dipole interactions

* induced dipole

Question 28

What are van der Waals forces?

Answer 28

Formed from the electrostatic charge in adjacent atoms.
It is present in long-chain molecules in polymers bonding the chains together.
When stretched the bonds break easily causing the material to deform.

Question 29

What are isomers?

Answer 29

Isomers are two molecules with the same atoms joined together in a different shape.

Question 30

What affects the rate of reaction?

Answer 30

• catalyst
• heat
• pressure
• surface area

Question 31

What happens when the rate of reaction is increased?

Answer 31

Increased velocity

Increased collisions

Increased reaction rate

Get past activation energy

Question 32

What is the speed of reaction reliant on?

Answer 32

The speed of a reaction is determined by the slowest step, the rate determining step.

Question 33

What is a homologous series?

Answer 33

A homologous series are a family or series of similar compounds with the same functional group.

Question 34

What is the suffix on esters?

Answer 34

Esters have the suffix - oate

Question 35

What is the general formula of alkanes?

Answer 35

CnH2n+2

Question 36

Which has more van der waals forces, straight or branched chains?

Answer 36

Straight chains have more vdws which means they have higher boiling points

Question 37

What are some observations you might see if a chemical reaction occurs?

Answer 37

If a chemical reaction occurs you might see:

• colour change
• gas released
• temperature changed
• a solid is formed