301: Chemical principles for pharmacy technicians Flashcards
What is the definition of matter?
Matter is anything with mass that occupies a space.
What is the atomic number?
The atomic number is the number of protons
What is the mass number?
The mass number is the number of protons and neutrons
What is the mass of a neutron?
The mass of a neutron is 1.
What are transition metals usually used for?
Transition metals are usually used as catalysts in reactions and are usually colourful compounds.
Atoms of different elements have different numbers of what?
Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons in the nucleus, this is called the atomic number.
How many electrons are held in the first shell?
The first shell holds 2 electrons
How many electrons are held in the second shell?
8 electrons are held in the second shell
How many electrons are held in the third electron shell?
18 electrons are held in the third electron shell
How many electrons are held in the fourth electron shell?
32 electrons are held in the fourth electron shell
What are ions?
Ions are atoms or molecules with charge.
What is the electron configuration defined as?
The electron configuration is defined as the arrangement and distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals.
What is responsible for the chemical properties of an element?
The number of electrons in the outer shell are responsible for the chemical properties of that element. (ie the group it is in).
What is the trend down the group in metallic elements?
In METALLIC elements the elements get more reactive down the group.
Their melting and boiling points increase.
What is the reaction trend with non-metallic elements?
Non-metallic elements are more reactive up the group.
What trends are there from left to right across periods?
- metallic solid ➡️ metalloid/non-, metal solid ➡️ non-metal gas
- good electrical conductivity ➡️ poor electrical conductivity
- ionisation energies increase from left to right
What are intermolecular bonds?
- covalent
- ionic
- metallic
What are intramolecular bonds?
- hydrogen
* van der waals
What is a covalent bond?
A covalent bond is characterised by the sharing of electrons between atoms
What types of covalent molecules are there?
Covalent molecules are either simple or macromolecular (giant) structure.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Polar covalent bonds occur when one of the atoms is more electronegative so has a greater attraction for the shared pair of electrons in the covalent bond.
Results in a shift of electron density to the more electronegative atom.
Creates a slightly positive and slightly negative dipole.
What is electronegativity defined as?
Electronegativity is defined as the force of attraction for the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond.
What is electronegativity measured on?
Electronegativity is measured on the Pauling scale.
What is an ionic bond?
An ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
What is a hydrogen bond?
A hydrogen bond resulted from a dipole - dipole force between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine
How are metallic bonds arranged?
Rows of metallic cations in a sea of delocalised electrons
What are van der Waals forces also known as?
- instantaneous dipole-dipole interactions
* induced dipole
What are van der Waals forces?
Formed from the electrostatic charge in adjacent atoms.
It is present in long-chain molecules in polymers bonding the chains together.
When stretched the bonds break easily causing the material to deform.
What are isomers?
Isomers are two molecules with the same atoms joined together in a different shape.
What affects the rate of reaction?
- catalyst
- heat
- pressure
- surface area
What happens when the rate of reaction is increased?
Increased velocity
Increased collisions
Increased reaction rate
Get past activation energy
What is the speed of reaction reliant on?
The speed of a reaction is determined by the slowest step, the rate determining step.
What is a homologous series?
A homologous series are a family or series of similar compounds with the same functional group.
What is the suffix on esters?
Esters have the suffix - oate
What is the general formula of alkanes?
CnH2n+2
Which has more van der waals forces, straight or branched chains?
Straight chains have more vdws which means they have higher boiling points
What are some observations you might see if a chemical reaction occurs?
If a chemical reaction occurs you might see:
- colour change
- gas released
- temperature changed
- a solid is formed
