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British Empire - History A'level > 310: Expansion and Contraction 1914-1947 > Flashcards

310: Expansion and Contraction 1914-1947 Flashcards

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1
Q

What involvement did the White dominions have in WW1?

A
  • Large numbers of volunteers.
  • Vital suppliers (especially Canada).
  • Gallipoli (Anzacs), Vimy Ridge (Canadians).
  • South African defence force formed.
  • 136,000 South African troops fought for Britain.
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2
Q

What was the impact of WW1 on the White dominions?

A

Boosted the confidence and self-worth of dominions; promoting a desire for independence.

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3
Q

What was the involvement of India in WW1?

A
  • Huge impact early in the war, Indian soldiers made up 1/3 of troops in France, September 1914.
  • Seen as less ‘successful’ record than White dominions.
  • Government contributed over £100 million to the war effort.
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4
Q

What was the impact of WW1 on India?

A

In 1917, India was promised a ‘more responsible’ level of self-government. (Increased self-worth)

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5
Q

What was the involvement of British African colonies in WW1?

A
  • 1.2 million Egyptians recruited for defending Egypt and the Middle East.
  • 100,000 Egyptian soldiers fought in Europe, where 50% died.
  • Black Africans recruited as labourers in Europe.
  • 1 million Black Africans also hired as porters to serve in Tanganyika, 100,000 died.
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6
Q

What was the effect of WW1 on African colonies?

A
  • 1914, Egypt is made a protectorate.
  • WW1 was a formative experience for African independence movements.
  • The first pan-African congress was held in France, 1919.
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7
Q

How much land, and how many subjects did Britain gain as a result of the League of Nations mandates?

A

13 million subjects.

1.8 million square miles.

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8
Q

Name 4 regions mandated to Britain in 1919/20?

A

Palestine, Iraq (Mesopotamia), Transjordan, Tanganyika.

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9
Q

What was the significance of the LON mandates for the dominions?

A

Some dominions gained their own mandates.

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10
Q

What’s the difference between the 3 categories of mandate?

A
  • A: Quite developed, independence viable soon.
  • B: Much longer period of guidance before independence is considered.
  • C: Independence is not considered feasible.
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11
Q

What colonies gained independence in the interwar years?

A
  • Irish Free State,
  • Egypt.
  • Iraq.
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12
Q

When was Egypt granted independence, why did it not seem like full independence?

A

1922, but troops remained in Suez region

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13
Q

When was Iraq granted independence?

A

1932

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14
Q

When was the Irish Free State granted independence?

A

1937

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15
Q

What was the impact of WW2 on British South East Asia?

A
  • Japanese invasion ended the myth of ‘white invincibility’ giving confidence to independence movements.
  • Britain lost its military base in Singapore.
  • Aung Sang led the Burma Independence Army against the British.
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16
Q

What was the impact of WW2 on British North Africa?

A
  • Major battleground with turning point at the battle of El Alamein.
  • Egyptians and Palestinians saw an opportunity of British weakness.
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17
Q

What was the impact of WW2 on British India?

A
  • Many nationalists supported the British war effort.
  • But, 30,000 Indian troops captured by the Japanese joined the Indian National Army (INA) -> fought against the British.
  • In 1942, India promised full dominion status.
  • Gandhi launched the Quit India campaign -> arrested.
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18
Q

What were some short term impacts of WW2 on Britain?

A
  • Severely weakened economic position.
  • First majority Labour government under Clement Attlee.
  • More likely to question the morality of the empire.
19
Q

What did the 1919 government of india act do? What was it paired with?

A
  • Allowed limited self governance.

- PAired with rowlatt act.

20
Q

What was the Rowlatt act? Why was it paired with the 1919 government of India act?

A
  • Allowed British authorities to arrest anyone protesting British rule.
  • Rowlatt act was added to weaken demand for faster change.
21
Q

What is an example of a protest following the 1919 Government of India act?

A

Amritsar massacre, 1919

22
Q

When were the round table conferences (roughly)?

A

1930s

23
Q

When were the two government of india acts of this period?

A

1919

1935

24
Q

What did the 1935 government of India act do?

A

Increased franchise and increased role of elected provincial governments.

25
Q

How did the All India Muslim League differ from the Hindu Congress?

A

All India Muslim League: Founded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, favoured separate state of Pakistan.
Hindu Congress: led by Gandhi, wanted united and free india.

26
Q

When is India promised full dominion status?

A

Promised in 1942, to come into effect post war.

27
Q

What does British politics have to do with Indian independence?

A

New labour government in 1945 no longer wanted control of India.

28
Q

Why did Britain no longer want India in 1945?

A
  • Labour gov.
  • The threat of violent resistance.
  • Growing independence movements.
  • Indian Army less reliable.
  • India was not such a good market for British cotton.
  • Holding on was more expensive than losing the connection.
29
Q

How much debt was Britain in to India in 1945?

A

£1.3 million

30
Q

What date was given for independence to be granted by in India and Pakistan?

A

15 August 1947

31
Q

Why did Burma’s AFO (anti-fascist organisation) switch to support the British during WW2?

A

Saw a better chance of independence under the British than the Japanese.

32
Q

What important action is taken by Lord Mountbatten in 1945 for Burmese indpendence?

A

Incorporated the Burma National Army (led by Aung Sang) into a new army for the country, giving Aung Sang legitimacy as a post war leader.

33
Q

What important event happens for Burmese independence in 1946?

A

Civil disobedience prompts the replacement of the British governor, who in turns makes Aung Sang virtually the leader of the executive council.

34
Q

What final reason is given by the British for the granting of Burma’s independence?

A

Britain cannot commit enough troops to rule Burma.

35
Q

Why was land in the Middle East desirable for the British?

A

land routes to India, access to the Suez canal, and oil rich areas.

36
Q

What was the Sykes Picot agreement? What actions did Britain and France take because of it?

A
  • Secret agreement by Britain and France at the beginning of WW1 to divide up the Middle East with no consideration for existing leaders.
  • Encourage Arab rebellion against Ottoman leaders.
37
Q

What was the Balfour declaration? Why was it made?

A
  • A British declaration that promised to support a Jewish homeland in Palestine while ‘respecting the Arab population’.
  • Made partly out of sympathy for the Jewish population in Palestine, and partly to win over America.
38
Q

What was the effect of WW2 on Palestine?

A
  • Increased Jewish immigration into Palestine.

- In 1945, Britain was forced to limit Jewish immigration.

39
Q

Why did Britain feel such a strong need to protect Jewish settlement post WW2?

A

To please America, from which Britain needs international and economic support.

40
Q

Why did Britain need to retain Arab support post WW2?

A

To retain its access to oil in Arab regions.

41
Q

What did Britain do with Palestine in 1947?

A

Britain handed the affair over to a UN commission to maintain good relationships with the Arab world and America.

42
Q

What territories did Britain gain between 1914-1947?

A
  • Palestine (1919/20)
  • Iraq/ Mesopotamia (1919/20)
  • Transjordan (1919/20)
  • Tanganyika (1919/20)
  • Parts of Cameroon and Togo (191
43
Q

What colonies did Britain lose between 1914-1947?

A
  • Egypt (1922 formally)
  • Iraq/Mesopotamia (1932)
  • Irish Free State (1937)
  • India (1947)
  • Palestine (1947)
  • Burma (1948)

British Empire - History A'level (12 decks)

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