120: Imperial and Colonial policy 1857-1890 Flashcards
When was the British colonial Office established? What was it initially combined with?
1801, the war office
Which colony had its own ‘office’ within the government? from when?
India, from 1858
Which countries were the 3 main international threats to Britain in this period?
Germany. Russia, France
Why was Germany growing as a threat to Britain in this period?
Unified in 1871 and became increasingly industrialised, its naval power was also beginning to rival Britain’s.
Why was Russia growing as a threat against Britain in this period?
Growing economy, but mostly threatening Britain’s position in Asia. Russia was at the borders of Afghanistan in 1884.
What French actions threatened the British empire in this period? What did Britain do in response?
Growing naval power, becoming active in Indo-China. This prompted Britain to annex Malaya and take North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, and Upper Burma.
What was the Brussels conference?
A conference held in 1876 by King Leopold.
What was Belgium’s aim in hosting the Brussels conference?
To protect their own interests in the Congo.
What were the outcomes of the Brussels conference?
- Asserted African’s weren’t capable of developing their own resources and economies.
- Created the International African Association to coordinate European actions in Africa.
When was the Berlin conference?
1884/5
What is effective occupation? How is it related to the Berlin conference?
Established during the Berlin Conference, the idea that a power could claim a territory which they ‘occupied’ unless another power had a rival claim.
What were the main outcomes of the Berlin Conference?
- Established some free trade areas
- Created a system for Africa to be colonised
- Suggested colonies support indigenous people and work to stop slavery.
Where are some examples of force used to establish Britain’s informal empire?
Peru, 1857
Chile, 1863
China, multiple treaties.
What are some examples of Britain’s informal empire where force was not used?
Mexico, 1861 (political threat)
Afghanistan, 1879 (treaties and negotiation)
Zanzibar, 1891
Why was Argentina significant to Britain? How significant was Latin America as a whole?
Large amounts of British investment flowing into Argentina, £80 million of capital in 1865. Latin America accounted for 10% of Britain’s imports and exports.
