3.1 Principles of Biosecurity Flashcards by Kimberly Cassandra Bingbing

A set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases

Biosecurity

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Involves proper animal husbandry practice and systems as well as attitudes and behaviors

Biosecurity

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Concepts of Biosecurity

A. Conceptual
B. Structural
C. Operational

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Concepts of Biosecurity

Site planning and enumeration of requirements that would minimize source of pathogens
Defects in _ biosecurity can not be changed

A. Conceptual

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Concepts of Biosecurity

All in all out system
Provision of water supply
Proper removal of farm waste
Compliance with local regulations

A. Conceptual

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Concepts of Biosecurity

Set up of the facility
Can be improved with proper capital investment

B. Structural

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Concepts of Biosecurity

Layout of the farms and fences
Farm drainage
Proper roads
Equipment for decontamination
Bulk feed installations
Change rooms/Biosecurity room
Exclusion of rodents and wild birds (provision of screens)
Interior finishes of houses (orientation of fans)

B. Structural

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Concepts of Biosecurity
B. Structural
Broiler Farm Layout
GP Farm Layout

Clean Area and Restricted Area

CA and RA but with Module 1 and 2

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Concepts of Biosecurity

Routine management activities
Can be frequently modified and reviewed based on the need of the farm/situation

C. Operational

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Concepts of Biosecurity

Excellent communication skill for proper compliance of farm protocols
Filling up of logbook
Provision and proper use of farm footwear and clothing
Practice of clean-to-dirty, healthy-to-sick, and young-to-old work patterns

C. Operational

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Equipment or fixtures that are strategically placed in the farm for the purpose of decontamination

Biosecurity Provisions

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Goal of Biosecurity Provisions

Prevent mechanical transfer of microorganisms

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Examples of Biosecurity Provisions

Footbath
Power sprayer or overhead sprayer
Hand wash/spray
Fumigation box
Biosecurity room/shower room

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Biosecurity Provisions

Strategically situated
Adequate removal of gross organic debris from footwear before stepping
Contact time of at least 10s
Frequent replacement of disinfectant
Non-exposure to direct sunlight or rain

Foot Bath Considerations

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40 mL Creoline per liter of water

Foot Bath

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Glutaraldehyde based disinfectant (30% w/v) at a dilution rate of 1:200

Power Sprayer/Overhead Sprayer

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Biosecurity Provisions

Daily replacement is necessary
Initial cleaning with plain water

Power Sprayer/Overhead Sprayer

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Biosecurity Provisions

Used to disinfect hands and must not be exposed to direct sunlight

Hand Wash/Hand Spray

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Iodine-based disinfectant (10% w/w) at a dilution rate of 1:40

Hand Wash/Hand Spray

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Biosecurity Provisions

Used for farm materials which can not be disinfected by wet disinfection procedures
Examples: egg incubators, hatching eggs, animal houses, electrical equipment

Fumigation Box

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Biosecurity Provisions

Uses formaldehyde
7 gm K permanganate + 14 mL 37% formalin per m3
Place in center of room and leave for 20 mins

Fumigation Box

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3 Levels of Biosecurity
Meaning

Level 1 - prevents entry of infectious organisms into the farm (farm entry)
Level 2 - prevents entry of infectious organisms into the poultry house (poultry house entry)
Level 3 - prevents spread of infectious organisms within the poultry house (within poultry house spread)

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Levels of Biosecurity

Restriction of human traffic
Bird proofing
Rodent and insect control
Fence and gate placement
Wheel dip/spray
Foot bath and hand wash
Log book

Level 1

Levels of Biosecurity

Restriction of workers to their assigned house/building
Foot bath and hand washing are per house/building
Check integrity of bird proofing nets

Level 2

Levels of Biosecurity Segregation and removal of diseased birds Division of pens (prevents mixing of flock) Water sanitation and chlorination Disinfection, vaccination, medication

Level 3

Critical Areas of Biosecurity

1. Designated Clean and Restricted Areas 2. Downtime 3. Equipment Cleaning and Sanitation 4. Environmental Sanitation 5. Personnel, Vehicle, and Equipment Traffic 6. Personnel Hygiene 7. Vehicle and Supplies Decontamination 8. Rodent, Insect, Wild Bird and Animal Control 9. Feed Quality 10. Water Quality 11. Carcass and Manure Disposal 12. Vaccination and Medication 13. Flock Evaluation 14. Quarantine DDEEPPV RFWCVFQ

Critical Areas of Biosecurity - _ _ - main gate to decontamination area; where offices and support building are located - _ _ - actual animal is located

1. Designated Clean and Restricted Area - Clean Area - Restricted Area

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Time interval between emptying the poultry house and placement of new flock Allows reduction of pathogens through cleaning and disinfection Rest period

2. Downtime

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 2. Downtime - Cleaning Process: - _ - manual removal of dry materials (litter, feeds, manure, dirt, carcass, broken eggs, feathers) - _ - utilizes water

- Cleaning Process: - Dry - Wet

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 2. Downtime - Details of WET cleaning: - _ - wet surfaces 1 hour prior to washing - _ - detergent may be added (1 kg soap with 200L water), spray with 200 psi, back to front, ceiling wall then floor - _ - must be thorough - _ - final step

- Details of WET cleaning: - Soaking - Washing - Rinsing - Drying SWRD

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 2. Downtime - _ - use of chemical agents that will eliminate pathogens (vegetative form) on contact - _ - can be neutralized by hard water or organic matter; wide spectrum - Form: spray, foams, aerosols, fumigants - works best at 18.3 degrees C; contact time 20-30 mins; properly prepared (prep and concentration)

- Disinfection - Disinfectannt

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 2. Downtime Disinfectant Examples: - _ (formalin) - sterilant, corrosive, surface disinfection - _ _ _ (sodium hypochlorite) - H2O, disinfection, hatcheries - _ (povidone iodine) - handwash - _ (triclosan) - surface disinfection - _ _ _ - surface disinfection - _ (hydrogen peroxide) - surface disinfection

Disinfectant Examples: - Aldehydes (formalin) - Chlorine releasing agents (sodium hypochlorite) - Iodophores (povidone iodine) - Phenols (triclosan) - Quaternary ammonium compounds - Perioxygen (hydrogen peroxide) ACIPQP

CAB Disinfectants Properties and Area Cl I Phenol Quats Formaldehyde

Properties - bactericidal, bacteriostatic, fungicidal, virucidal, toxicity, affinity for organic matter and loss of disinfecting power - phenol and formaldehyde + for all but Cl and quats best for affinity Area - hatchery equipment, water equipment, personnel, egg washing, floor, foot baths, rooms - quats + for all

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 2. Downtime - _ _ - period when no animals or people are present in a disinfected house - locking building and closing curtains - at least 7 days prior to loading of flock/chicks - may vary depending on biosecurity protocol (e.g. breeder house = 21 days)

- Rest period

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Keeping water tank and feed hopper clean Provision of trash receptacles Keeping fans and ventilation system clean and in working condi Regular scraping of manure Dusting

3. Equipment Cleaning and Sanitation

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 3. Equipment Cleaning and Sanitation - Recycling pathogens: - VBFPP

- Recycling pathogens: - Viruses (Adenovirus, Birnavirus, Reovirus) - Bacteria (Salmonella, Clostridium) - Fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus) - Protozoa (Histomonas and Eimeria) - Parasites (mites and worms)

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Dispose bedding and litter materials in a designated area Filling of road potholes Well trimmed grass Functional drainage and canal General cleaning of quarters During outbreak, clothes and personnel effects should be washed/cleaned with bleach

4. Environmental Sanitation

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 5. Personnel, Vehicle, and Equipment Traffic - _ - gates must be closed always, prevent loitering, visitation from young to old/diseased flocks, one way traffic rule (no backtracking)

- Personnel

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 5. Personnel, Vehicle, and Equipment Traffic - _ - parked outside the farm, entry to clean area must be limited, decontamination must be done when entering clean area, ensure specific use of vehicles and not for other purposes

- Vehicles

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 5. Personnel, Vehicle, and Equipment Traffic - _ - has high risk levels - facility last visited -> facility next to be visited - 3 days, 1 day, 12 hours, none - log book

- Equipment

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Mandatory showering at the farm when entering GP/Grandparent farms Use of prescribed uniform Step in the foot bath (gate, restricted area, poultry building)

6. Personnel Hygiene

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Absence of dirt Disinfect all surface/area of vehicle Do not bring unnecessary items in the farm - Disinfection (fumigation) if necessary

7. Vehicle and Supplies Decontamination

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 8. Rodent, Insect, Wild Bird and Animal Control - _ - Transmits bacteria like Salmonella and E coli by contaminating feeds with droppings - _ - Intermediate hosts; Mechanical vectors - Flies and Dark beetles - _ - Starlings, pigeons, sparrow - Inhabits houses and bodegas; Fire hazard

- Rodents - Insects - Wild Birds

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 8. Rodent, Insect, Wild Bird and Animal Control - _ - Prohibited! - SCARHR - Seal damaged nets/screens - Close the doors of feed areas - Apply insecticides or control houseflies - Remove wet manure and spray larvicide to kill maggots - Have a Regular rodent control program

- Other Animals/Pets

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Collect reference sample for future feed analysis First-in-first-out system Stack feeds properly according to delivery dates - Ideally, store for 5-7 days Ensure rodent control Regular cleaning to prevent mold growth

9. Feed Quality

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Collect samples for bacteriological examination Flush water lines at least once a week Chlorination of drinking water (3-5ppm at the end of the water line) - Must not be done 1 day before vaccination, during and 1 day after live vaccination

10. Water Quality

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Daily Collection of mortalities must be done Do Post-mortem examination Dispose by burying, rendering or composting Available mortality pits must be at least 100 m away from water source Manure must not get wet and removed from feeders etc

11. Carcass and Manure Disposal

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Inoculation with a specific bioloic substance (antigen) to stimulate immunity to a particular disease AGE, day | Vaccine | Route of Administration 1, Newcastle Disease + Infectious Bronchitis, Coarse Spray (Hatchery) 1, Infectious Bursal Disease, Subcutaneous Injection (Hatchery) 14, Newcastle Disease, Coarse Spray (Farm)

12. Vaccination and Medication

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 12. Vaccination and Medication 1. Do not expose vaccines to direct sunlight 2. Do not freeze vaccines 3. Check expiration date 4. Avoid vaccination of stressed animals 5. Follow label instructions - route, dose, method of administration 6. Booster vaccination may be required

Vaccination

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 12. Vaccination and Medication - _ _ _ _ _ _: - Birds are already sick - Maternal antibodies present in chicks or young birds - Improper handling of vaccines - Bird factor (poor immunologic response)

- Vaccine failure may be due to:

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 12. Vaccination and Medication - _: Antibiotics, Antifungal, Antiviral, Anthelmintics (dewormers) - _ - Chemical capable of killing or inhibiting growth of microorganisms - Preventive or Therapeutic programs - Withdrawal periods - period between last drug administration to consumption of food

- Medications - Antibiotics

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 12. Vaccination and Medication - _ _ _: - _ _ - low cost, less labor intensive, easy to administer - _ - done in adult chicken (breast muscle as common site) - _ _ - mass medication (anticoccidial drugs and dewormers, probiotics etc)

- Routes of medication: - Drinking water - Injectable - In feed

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 12. Vaccination and Medication - _ - Provision of micronutrients needed for normal metabolic processes - Examples: - Vitamin ADE - maintains lining of the respiratory and digestive system - Vit E - immune modulator - Electrolytes - heat stress - Vit B complex for chicks

- Supplementation

Critical Areas of Biosecurity Analyze daily flock record Conduct regular inspections of flock Submit blood samples in the laboratory for serological monitoring

13. Flock Evaluation

Critical Areas of Biosecurity 1. Ensure that the health status of the flock is known 2. Conduct appropriate screening test 3. Transport using disinfected trucks/vehicles 4. Provide an isolation or bird quarantine facility

14. Quarantine

The full benefit of biosecurity can only be achived if the farm personnel understands and are willing to follow the biosecurity procedures Disease free means Maximum profit

Conclusion