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Question 1

IP Protocols?

Answer 1

how information is encoded and sent between computers. used on the web and networks.

Question 2

what is the TCP?

Answer 2

TCP- Transmission Control Protocol; breaks up data into small pieces then the ip protocol adds the source and destination address and send those pieces of data.

Question 3

what protocol is used when one needs redundancy or guarantee that packets have traveled to the destination?

Answer 3

TCP- Transfer Control Protocol: each packet is numbered, assembled in correct order and a msg verifying that the packets have been received are sent back to the sender.

Question 4

what IP protocol is used when low overhead is needed on the network, no guarantee of packet received?

Answer 4

UDP- User data gram protocol

Question 5

what is ICMP?

Answer 5

ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol: used to test and verify connections between hosts. uses an ICMP echo request and response and measures latency time between devices.

Question 6

IPV4 Addresses are what layer of the tcp/ip?

Answer 6

layer 3 (Internet). logical address. not the mac address which is a hardware physical address. logical addresses can be assigned.

Question 7

what is NAT?

Answer 7

NAT: Network Address Translation

Question 8

how does NAT work

Answer 8

NAT Network address Translation: works by having a class of ipv4 addresses that can be assigned to the local network then a NAT router translated that IPV4 address into a Globally Unique Address (GUA) that is an IPV4 address that is allowed on the web.

Question 9

what is VLSM?

Answer 9

VLSM: Variable Length Subnet Mask

Question 10

what is classless subnetting?

Answer 10

same as VLSM: Variable Length Subnet Mask

Question 11

what is Cider Notation?

Answer 11

when the network mask/ subnet mask is represented with a “/#” after the ip address. this number represents the network portion of the ip address and the number is the number of bits in all octets from left to right

Question 12

what is the pre-fix in an IPv6 address?

Answer 12

the first 4 quartets of the ipv6 address. used for network address and marked as /64 because its 64 bits.

Question 13

what is the Interface ID in a ipv6 address?

Answer 13

the last 4 quartets or last 64 bytes and is used to identify the hosts on the network

Question 14

what is a Unique Local Ipv6 ADDRESS and how does it work?

Answer 14

similar to a private ipv4 address it is not routable on the web unless it is translated by a NAT device.

• the first 4 bits are always FC or FD.
• first 8 bits .

Question 15

if you see the following hexadecimal letters used in the beginning of the ipv6 address what does it mean?
**FC or FD

Answer 15

this is used only in private ipv6 addresses also called: Unique Local Prefix. the first 8 bits are for this while the next 40 bits are a global unique address. this type of address can not be used on the web.

Question 16

what is a Link Local IPV6 address?

Answer 16

used for automatic address config, neighbor discovery and router subnets. only works on the local network and routers will NOT route these.

Question 17

if i see an ipv6 address with the prefix of: FE8, FE9, FEA or FEB. what does it mean?

Answer 17

that this is a Link Local Address and can not be routed. used for automatic address configuration, neighbor discovery and non-routed subnets.

Question 18

how many bits are in an ipv6 address? what are each section AA8F:XXXX:XXXX:… called?

Answer 18

128 bits in an ipv6 address and each section is called a Quartet.

Question 19

in ipv6 how many bits does a quartet represent?

Answer 19

16 bits (16 ones in binary)

Question 20

how many parts are there in an ipv6 address and what are the parts?

Answer 20

128 bits made up of 2 parts:

• 1st 64 bits is the prefix. it is the Network and Subnet portion.
• 2nd part is 64 bits and is the interface ID (assigned to the host).

Question 21

what are the 2 types of unicast addresses?

Answer 21

1-Global: not link local (works on web)

2- Link-local: non-routable address. used to discover neighbor routers.

Question 22

what is a multicast address? what is the prefix?

Answer 22

prefix: FF00::/8
- an address used to contact a group of hosts by sending out one addresses packet. not a broadcast but not a unicast either.

Question 23

what are the multicast addresses (3 of them) most popular.

Answer 23

FF02::1-all nodes on the local link

• FF02::2 all routers on the local link/ node
• FF02::1:2 all DHCP servers on locl link (DHCP relay agents can forward these packets to other subnets)

Question 24

anycast address?

Answer 24

anytime a unicast address is assigned to more than 1 host it then is a Anycast address.

Question 25

what is the loopback address in ipv6?

Answer 25

::1/128 (all 0’s with one 1 in last quartet)

used to verify the tcp/ip stack