3: Pulmonology Flashcards
Two tissues that lung cancer can form from
Lung tissue, bronchi
What three nerves can be affected by lung cancer?
Phrenic, vagus, recurrent laryngeal N
Three types of treatments for lung cancer
- Pneumonic to my: removal of a lung
- Lobectomy: removal of a lobe
- Segmentectomy: lung resection of a specific bronchopulmonary segment
Pleuritis / pleurisy
Inflammation of pleura producing a roughness on the lungs making breathing difficult
Pulmonary collapse
Air enter pleural cavity -> breaks surface tension between two layers of pleura -> elasticity of lungs causes them to collapse
Pneumothorax
Air enters pleural cavity from a penetrating wound or a rupture of a pulmonary lesion -> collapse of lung
Hydrothorax and hemothorax
Hydrothorax: accumulation of excess fluid in pleural cavity, usually due to pleural effusion
Hemothorax: accumulation of blood in pleural cavity, usually due to chest wound causing laceration of an intercostal vessel
Bronchoscopy
Insertion of a bronchoscope into the trachea to visualize main bronchi
Carina
Split between the right and left main bronchi
Oblique fissure of left vs right lung
Left: Separates superior and inferior lobes
Right: separates superior and middle from inferior
Horizontal fissure
Separates superior and middle lobes in the right lung
Lobes of the left and right lungs
Left: superior, inferior
Right: superior, middle, inferior
Which lobe has the lingula?
Left lung
Three surfaces of the lungs
Costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic
Four things at the hilum of the lung
- Pulmonary A
- Pulmonary V
- Main bronchi
- Pulmonary ligament
How to differentiate between pulmonary A and V at the hilum
A: more superior + thicker walled
V: more anteroinferior + thinnest walled structure
2 Impressions that exist on both right and left lung
- Cardiac impression
2. Groove for 1st rib
Five impressions on just the right lung
- Groove for azygos V
- Groove for esophagus
- Groove for SVC
- Groove for IVC
- Groove for brachiocephalic V
Three impressions on just the left lung
- Groove for aortic arch
- Groove for descending aorta
- Groove for subclavian A
Parietal vs visceral pleural
Parietal: adheres to thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm
Visceral: adheres to lungs
Lines of pleural reflection
Abrupt changes in direction of parietal pleura
Three lines of pleural reflection and what they are junctions between
- Sternal line of pleural reflection: costal pleura -> mediastinal pleural (anteriorly)
- Costal line of pleural reflection: costal pleura -> diaphragmatic pleura
- Vertebral line of pleural reflection: costal pleura -> mediastinal pleura (posteriorly)
Which bronchus is wider, shorter, and runs more vertically?
Right main bronchus
What separates bronchopulmonary segments?
CT septa
What enters each bronchopulmonary segment?
Segmental/tertiary bronchi
Why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically relevant?
Can remove just one bronchopulmonary segment of a lung
