3: Pulmonology

Question 1

Two tissues that lung cancer can form from

Answer 1

Lung tissue, bronchi

Question 2

What three nerves can be affected by lung cancer?

Answer 2

Phrenic, vagus, recurrent laryngeal N

Question 3

Three types of treatments for lung cancer

Answer 3

1. Pneumonic to my: removal of a lung
2. Lobectomy: removal of a lobe
3. Segmentectomy: lung resection of a specific bronchopulmonary segment

Question 4

Pleuritis / pleurisy

Answer 4

Inflammation of pleura producing a roughness on the lungs making breathing difficult

Question 5

Pulmonary collapse

Answer 5

Air enter pleural cavity -> breaks surface tension between two layers of pleura -> elasticity of lungs causes them to collapse

Question 6

Pneumothorax

Answer 6

Air enters pleural cavity from a penetrating wound or a rupture of a pulmonary lesion -> collapse of lung

Question 7

Hydrothorax and hemothorax

Answer 7

Hydrothorax: accumulation of excess fluid in pleural cavity, usually due to pleural effusion
Hemothorax: accumulation of blood in pleural cavity, usually due to chest wound causing laceration of an intercostal vessel

Question 8

Bronchoscopy

Answer 8

Insertion of a bronchoscope into the trachea to visualize main bronchi

Question 9

Carina

Answer 9

Split between the right and left main bronchi

Question 10

Oblique fissure of left vs right lung

Answer 10

Left: Separates superior and inferior lobes
Right: separates superior and middle from inferior

Question 11

Horizontal fissure

Answer 11

Separates superior and middle lobes in the right lung

Question 12

Lobes of the left and right lungs

Answer 12

Left: superior, inferior
Right: superior, middle, inferior

Question 13

Which lobe has the lingula?

Answer 13

Left lung

Question 14

Three surfaces of the lungs

Answer 14

Costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

Question 15

Four things at the hilum of the lung

Answer 15

1. Pulmonary A
2. Pulmonary V
3. Main bronchi
4. Pulmonary ligament

Question 16

How to differentiate between pulmonary A and V at the hilum

Answer 16

A: more superior + thicker walled
V: more anteroinferior + thinnest walled structure

Question 17

2 Impressions that exist on both right and left lung

Answer 17

1. Cardiac impression

2. Groove for 1st rib

Question 18

Five impressions on just the right lung

Answer 18

1. Groove for azygos V
2. Groove for esophagus
3. Groove for SVC
4. Groove for IVC
5. Groove for brachiocephalic V

Question 19

Three impressions on just the left lung

Answer 19

1. Groove for aortic arch
2. Groove for descending aorta
3. Groove for subclavian A

Question 20

Parietal vs visceral pleural

Answer 20

Parietal: adheres to thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm
Visceral: adheres to lungs

Question 21

Lines of pleural reflection

Answer 21

Abrupt changes in direction of parietal pleura

Question 22

Three lines of pleural reflection and what they are junctions between

Answer 22

1. Sternal line of pleural reflection: costal pleura -> mediastinal pleural (anteriorly)
2. Costal line of pleural reflection: costal pleura -> diaphragmatic pleura
3. Vertebral line of pleural reflection: costal pleura -> mediastinal pleura (posteriorly)

Question 23

Which bronchus is wider, shorter, and runs more vertically?

Answer 23

Right main bronchus

Question 24

What separates bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 24

CT septa

Question 25

What enters each bronchopulmonary segment?

Answer 25

Segmental/tertiary bronchi

Question 26

Why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically relevant?

Answer 26

Can remove just one bronchopulmonary segment of a lung