2: Osteology, Arthrology, Myology Flashcards
Three primary cavities of the thoracic cavity
Two pulmonary cavities + mediastinum
Three types of ribs and which ribs fall under these categories
- True (vertebrocostal) ribs: 1-7
- False (vertebrochondral) ribs: 8-10
- Floating (vertebral) ribs: 11-12
Which ribs fracture most commonly? Where at?
Middle ribs, just anterior to the costal angle
Supernumerary ribs
Extra ribs in cervical or lumbar region
What can cervical ribs cause?
Usually no symptoms, but can produce neural and circulatory problems based on proximity to brachial plexus and subclavian A
What can lumbar ribs cause
Usually no symptoms, but can cause confusion when reading radiographs
The head of the rib articulates with which parts of which ribs
- Inferior costal facet of the superior numbered vertebra
2. The superior costal facet of the same numbered vertebra
Two movements at the costovertebral joint that increase thoracic volume
- Bucket handle movement: elevating lateral most part of rib -> increasing transverse diameter
- Pump handle movement: elevating sternal end of rib -> increasing A/P diameter of thorax
Dislocation vs separation of the ribs
Dislocation: at the sternocostal joint
Separation: at the costochondral joint
Thoracentesis
Inserting a hypodermic needle through intercostal musculature between ribs -> obtain fluid sample or drain small amount of fluid/blood from pleural cavity
Where to insert a needle for a thoracentesis
Inferior to intercostal neurovascular bundle, but superior to collateral branches
Why is a chest tube inserted?
Remove large amounts of air, fluid, blood, or pus from pleural cavity
Where is a chest tube typically inserted?
5th or 6th intercostal space
Thoroscopy
Inserting a thoroscope into the pleural cavity through small incision for visualizing and biopsying the pleural cavity
What does the tubercle of a rib articulate with?
Transverse costal facet on thoracic vertebrae
Costal groove of a rib houses?
Intercostal nerve and vessels
What do the 11th and 12 rib lack?
Tubercle, neck
Which ribs articulate with the 7th costal cartilage?
8-10
Synovial joint
Diarthrosis; freely movable - has a joint space + hyaline cartilage lining the articular surface + synovium
Seven synovial joint types
- Planar
- Ginglymus / hinge
- Trochoid / pivot
- Condylar
- Sellar
- Spheroidal / ball and socket
- Compound (combo of any of the above)
Planar synovial joint
Flat, arthrodial non-axial grinding movements
Fibrous joints
Synarthrosis; characterized by bone and fibrous CT
Four types of fibrous joints
- Sutures
- Schindylesis
- Gomphosis
- Syndesmosis
Cartilagenous joints
Amphiarthrosis; characterized by bone/cartilage/bone
Two types of cartilagenous joints
Synchondrosis and symphysis
Synchondrosis
Temporary cartilagenous unions of hyaline cartilage
Symphysis
Strong slightly movable joint united by fibrocartilage
How many pairs of external, internal, and innermost intercostal M’s are there?
11 pairs each
What is the external and internal intercostal M’s continuous with?
External intercostal -> external oblique
Internal intercostal -> internal oblique
External, internal, and innermost intercostal O and I
O: inferior border of ribs
I: superior border of ribs
Action of external, internal, and innermost intercostals
External: elevate ribs
Internal and innermost: depress ribs
Innervation to external, internal, and innermost intercostal M’s
Intercostal N
Where are the intercostal N’s and vessels in relation to the intercostal muscles?
In between the innermost and internal intercostal M’s
Two internal thoracic wall muscles
Transverse thoracic M, subcostal M
Transverse thoracic M O and I
O: posterior surface lower sternum and xiphoid process I: internal costal cartilages 2-6
Transverse thoracic M action
Depress ribs
Transverse thoracic and subcostal M innervation s
Intercostal N
Subcostal M O and I
O: inferior rib
I: superior rib - crosses 1-2 segments
