3. prokaryote and eukaryote structures Flashcards
this cytoplasmic structure of prokaryotes have photosynthetic pigments to perform photosynthesis in phototroph batteria (Thylakoids, Lamellae or Chlorosomes)
intracytoplasmic membrane systems
this cytoplasmic structure of prokaryotes are protein-covered bodies packed with the enzyme ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubsico) for CO2 fixation in autotrophic bacteria
carboxysomes
this cytoplasmic structure of prokaryotes are found in aquatic and marine bacteria, used to provide buoyancy and keep the cell high in the water column
gas vesicles
this cytoplasmic structure of prokaryotes are also known as storage granules in which the bacteria use them to store reserve materials in the form of insoluble granules
inclusion bodies
this type of inclusion body/storage granule stores PHB which is a lipid like compound
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric (PHB) granules
this type of inclusion body/storage granule stores glycogen which is a polymer go glucose
glycogen granules
this type of inclusion body/storage granule is used to store sulfur
sulfur granule
this type of inclusion body/storage granule is used to store inorganic phosphate
volutin/metachromatic granules
this type of inclusion body/storage granule stores magnetic mineral magnetite (Fe3O4) in certain species of bacteria
magnetosomes
this cytoplasmic structure of prokaryotes are proteins that are found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, resembling both the actin and non-actin cytoskeletal proteins of eukaryotes
cytoskeleton like proteins
what are the THREE functions of cytoskeleton -like proteins in prokaryotes?
- determines cell shape
- segregation of chromosomes
- regulation of cell division
this cell structure of prokaryotes are threadlike appendages composed entirely of proteins and are responsible for bacterial movement; is attached to the bacterial cell body by a complex structure consisting of a basal body and a hook
flagella
T/F: flagella are highly antigenic and some of the immune responses are directed against these proteins
true
what are the four types of flagella arrangements?
- monotrichous - single, polar flagellum
- amphitrichous - one flagellum at each pole
- lophotrichous - multiple polar flagella
- peritrichous - flagella distributed over the entire cell
this structure of prokaryotes are small rigid surface appendages
pili or fimbrae
pili are composed of structural protein subunits called _______ and at the tip of pili are adhesion properties for attachment proteins
pilins
what are the functions of pili
- play a role in the adherence of the bacteria to the host cells
- antigenic function
- inhibit the phagocytic ability of leukocytes
- have a role in bacterial motility (by twitching)
this type of pili is responsible for DNA transfer between the donor cell and the recipient cell during the conjugation process
sex pili
these are inert heat-resistant spores that can remain viable for thousands of years; consists of the bacteriums DNA, ribosomes, and large amounts of calcium dipicolinate which helps maintain dormancy
endospores
this process results in a single stress-resistant spore that allows a bacterium to survive unfavourable or even potentially lethal environmental conditions
sporulation
what are the two most common spore-forming bacteria?
gram-positive aerobic genus Bacillus and anaerobic genus Clostridium
these are cells that have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotes
this part of the cell contains the cells genome, which is surrounded by the nuclear envelope
nucleus
this is composed of a double lipid bilayer and has pores and exhibits selective permeability
nuclear envelope
what shape are chromosomes in eukaryotic cells>
linear - thread like structures called chromatin (non-dividing state)
when a eukaryotic cell is about to divide, chromatins condense and become _______ and are associated with basic proteins called histones which help with stability
chromosomes
this is the area inside the nucleus which is rich in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and where the RNA subunits are made
nucleolus
how many subunits do ribosomes consist of?
two
what does each ribosomal subunit consist of?
rRNA and ribosomal proteins
where are the ribosomes subunits synthesized?
nucleolus
once the ribosome subunits are synthesized, they are then exported to the ________ where they associate to from an intact ribosome that functions in protein synthesis
cytoplasm
______ have 80S ribosomes (60S and 40S subunits)
eukaryotes
_____ have 70S ribosomes (50S and 30S subunits)
prokaryotes
where is 16S rRNA found and why is it important?
found in the small subunit of bacterial ribosomes. it is important because it is highly connived between different species of bacteria and is being used in bacterial classification and phylogenetic studies
this is a cytoplasmic structure found in eukaryotes; it is a network of membrane-bound channels that are continuous with the nuclear membrane
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
this type of ER is a major producer of glycoproteins and produces new membrane material (vesicles) that are transported throughout the cell; has ribosomes
rough ER
this type of ER participates in the synthesis of the lipids and in some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism; no ribosomes
smooth ER
a cytoplasmic structure in eukaryotes; consists of a stack of membranes. modifies and sorts produces of the ER into those destined to be secreted and those that function in other places of the cell
Golgi apparatus
a cytoplasmic structure in eukaryotes; this is bound by two membranes: the outer and inner membrane. this structure has their own DNA and ribosomes; is the power house of the cell
mitochondria
special inholdings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria called _______ is where respiration and ATP production in the mitochondria
cristae
the mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes involved in the ___________
citric acid cycle
why is it important that the mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes?
the mitochondria has the ability to increase in numbers when the cell needs more energy for example during excercise
a cytoplasmic structure found in eukaryotes; this structure carries out the photosynthesis process. they have their own DNA and ribosomes and are found in plant cells
chloroplasts
the chlorophyll pigment and all other components needed for photosynthesis are located in membrane discs called _______ in chloroplasts
thylakoids
a cytoplasmic structure found in eukaryotes; membrane-enclosed sacs that contain various digestive enzymes in order to digest macromolecules such as proteins, fats and polysaccharides
lysosomes
a cytoplasmic structure found in eukaryotes; a three-dimensional structure that fills the cytoplasm and gives the cell its strength and shape
cytoskeleton
what are the THREE components of the cytoskeleton
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules
this part of the cytoskeleton are subunits of actin protein. their function is to define and maintain the shape of the cell and carrying out cellular movements including gliding and contraction
microfilaments
this part of the cytoskeleton provides tensile strength for the cell
intermediate filaments
this part of the cytoskeleton are subunits of tubulin proteins. their function is to help maintain the cell structure, form the spindle fibres for separating chromosomes during mitosis and play an important role in cell motility
microtubules
T/F: the eukaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane composed of protein and a phospholipid bilayer like the prokaryotic cell membrane
true
T/F: most animal cells have no cell walls or other surface layers besides the plasma membrane
true
T/F: plant cells have an outer cell wall composed of cellulose
true
eukaryotic microorganisms may have an outer cell wall, which is composed of polysaccharide materials such as __________
cellulose (plant cell wall) or chitin (fungal cell wall)
many eukaryotic microorganisms have ____ or _____ used for movement; these consists of a series of microtubules surrounded by a membrane
flagellum or cilia
this motility organelle emerges from the polar region (top or bottom/north or south) of the cell
flagellum
this motility organelle are shorter and surround the cell
cilia
