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microbio 3810 > 14. diseases of respiratory and nervous systems > Flashcards

14. diseases of respiratory and nervous systems Flashcards

1
Q

what bacteria causes strep throat/streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (gram-positive, encapsulated, chain like cocci arrangement)

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2
Q

streptococci pyogenes is a ______________ Streptococci (GAS)

A

group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS)

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3
Q

the different serotypes of GAS produce a number of virulence factors such as:

A
  1. extracellular enzymes (collagenase and streptokinase) that break down host molecules and cause the infection
  2. the cytolysins streptomycin O and streptolysin S which kill host leukocytes
  3. capsules and M protein, which limits phagocytosis and facilitate attachment to host cells
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4
Q

what two areas can the strep bacteria act on>

A

throat causing pharyngitis
tonsils causing tonsilitis

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5
Q

how is S. pyrogens spread?

A

by droplets of saliva or nasal secretions.

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6
Q

what is the incubation period of strep?

A

2-4 days

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7
Q

what are the symptoms of strep throat?

A

fever higher than 38, intense pharyngeal pain, swollen dark red palatine tonsils often dotted with patches of pus, swollen submandibular lymph nodes

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8
Q

some strains of group A streptococci produce this toxin. this toxin attacks the plasma membranes of capillary endothelial cells and leads to scarlet fever, a disseminated fine red rash on the skin, and strawberry tongue, a red rash on the tongue

A

erythrogenic toxin

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9
Q

in few cases, 1-4 weeks after an acute streptococcal infection, a poststreptococcal disease could occur and cause _________ and _____________

A

glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever

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10
Q

what bacteria causes diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (club shaped, gram positive rods)

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11
Q

this is typically a respiratory infection of the oropharynx characterized by a sore throat, neck swelling, and blockage of the respiratory pathways

A

diphtheria

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12
Q

C. diphtheriae produce this toxin which blocks host cell protein synthesis, and leads to the death of the epithelial lining and inflammatory response

A

diphtheria exotoxin

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13
Q

in diphtheria, there is an accumulation of a greyish exudate consisting of dead host cells, pus, red blood cells, and infectious bacteria results in the formation of a ________

A

pseudomembrane (diphtheric patch)

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14
Q

true or false: there is a vaccine for diphtheria

A

true - the DPT vaccine

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15
Q

this is one of the deadliest infectious diseases in human history

A

tuberculosis `

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16
Q

what is the causative agent of TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid-fast, gram positive, rods)

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17
Q

how does M. tuberculosis infect an individual?

A

M. tuberculosis infects the lung tissue and is spread bye inhalation of respiratory droplets or aerosols from an infected person. after inhalation the bacteria enter the alveoli where the cells are phagocytize by macrophages. the bacteria can survive and multiply within these phagocytes because of protection by the waxy mycolic acid in their cell walls.

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18
Q

the infection would cause an inflammatory response and an accumulation of what white blood cells?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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19
Q

these are small round lesions surrounded by layers of macrophages and T-lymphocyes

A

granuloma

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20
Q

what is another name for granulomas, which are calcified structures that are visible on chest xrays

A

ghon complexes

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21
Q

granulomas may enlarge and form ________, that rupture and the bacterial cells invade pulmonary capillaries and spread through the bloodstream in a condition known as military tuberculosis

A

Tubercles

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22
Q

a TB vaccine is available that is based on the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) strain of _________ (bacteria) commonly found in cattle

A

M. bovis

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23
Q

what bacteria causes Pertussis?

A

Bordetella pertussis

24
Q

B. pertussis secretes this toxin (AB toxin) and a tracheal cytotoxin that damages ciliated epithelial cells and results in the accumulation of mucus in the lungs

A

pertussis toxin

25
Q

the bacteria multiply in the trachea and bronchi leading to mucus accumulation and causing _____ of cough - a rapid inrush of air following ________ resulting in a high pitch whooping sound

A

paroxysms

26
Q

what vaccine may be used for pertussis

A

DPT vaccine

27
Q

what is the causative agent of Legionellosis

A

Legionella pneumophila

28
Q

the bacterium of this disease can infect free-living amoebae and inhabit moist environments. infections typically occur from human-made reservoirs such as air conditioning cooling towers, humidifiers, misting systems, and fountains. usually infects immunocompromised individuals. Most healthy individuals infected with this show what’s knows as Pontiac fever

A

legionellosis

29
Q

the bacteria of Legionellosis infect ____ and live inside the macrophages

A

alveoli

30
Q

what are the main symptoms of legionellosis

A
  • high fever
  • N/V
  • muscle aches
31
Q

this is a zoonotic disease. the primary reservoirs are domestic livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats; it is largely an occupational disease of farmers. it may be transmitted by ticks or through exposure to the urine, feces, or milk of an infected animal.

A

Q fever

32
Q

humans are acutely sensitive to _______ the infective dose is estimated to just a few cells; this is the causative agent of Q fever

A

Coxiella burnetii

33
Q

what are the symptoms of Q fever

A
  • high fever
  • headache
  • coughing
  • general malaise
    *in some patients the condition may become chronic often leading to endocarditis which may be fatal
34
Q

this is an infection of the middle ear. pathogens cause direct tissue damage and induces an inflammatory response that causes the formation and accumulation of pus in the middle ear resulting in moderate to severe bulging of the tympanic membrane and ear pain. sometimes, inflammation resulting from the infection leads to swelling of the Eustachian tubes, and may also lead to a fever, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

A

acute otitis media

35
Q

what is the most common causative agent of acute otitis media in neonates

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

36
Q

what other causative agents may cause acute otitis media in neonates?

A

Escherichia coli, enterococcus spp. and group b streptococcus

37
Q

what are the most common causative agents in older infants and children?

A

S. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae or moroxella catarrhalis

38
Q

what are the causative agents of bacterial rhinosinusitis

A

S. pneumoniae, H influenzae and M catarrhalis.

39
Q

bacterial infections of the _________ can be life-threatening because of the critical functions performed by the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and cranial nerves

A

nervous system

40
Q

where in the nervous system can infections occur?

A

nervous tissue and meninges

41
Q

this is an inflammation of the brain or spinal cord meninges. bacteria may gain access to the CNS through the bloodstream after trauma. bacteria may spread from structures in the upper respiratory tract such as nasopharynx, middle ear, etc.

A

bacterial meningitis

42
Q

what are the most common causes of bacterial meningitis?

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • streptococcus peneumoniae
  • haemophilus influenzae
43
Q

can the bacteria that cause meningitis spread from person to person?

A

yes, they can spread by respiratory secretions. they colonize and cross through the mucous membranes of the oropharynx and nasopharynx and then enter the blood and go to the meninges

44
Q

this specific type of bacterial meningitis is caused by Neisseria meningitidis (gram negative, coccus). patients suffer severe headache, fever, chills, stiff neck, and blue-black skin spots. non fatal cases can result in nerve damage resulting in hearing loss and brain damage.

A

meningococcal meningitis

45
Q

Neisseria meningitidis was the most common cause of meningitis epidemics in human populations and have since become rare because of

A

meningococcal vaccines

46
Q

what virulence factors are associated with Neisseria meningitis?

A
  • endotoxin, lipooligosaccharide
  • type IV pili for attachment to host tissues
  • polysaccharide capsules that help the cells avoid phagocytosis
  • secretion of IgA protease (which breaks down IgA antibodies)
  • the invasion factors Opa, Opc and porin which facilitate transcellilar entry through the BBB
47
Q

what is the causative agent of pneumococcal meningitis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (encapsulated, gram-positive bacterium)

48
Q

true or false: S. pneumoniae can cross the BBB in susceptible individuals

A

true

49
Q

what are the virulence facts produced by S. penumoniae?

A
  1. Pl-1 pilin for adherence to host cells
  2. virulence factor B (PavB) for attachment to host cells in the respiratory tract
  3. choline binding proteins (cpbA) that bind to epithelial cells
  4. the toxin pneumolysin that triggers an inflammatory response
50
Q

what is the causative agent of haemophilus meningitis?

A

haemophilus influenzae tabe B (Hib) (gram negative, ecapsulated small rods)

51
Q

this specific type of bacterial meningitis affects children in the first year or two of life. nerve disorder, fever, deafness and possible mental retardation

A

haemophilus meningitis

52
Q

true or false: there is a vaccine for haemophilus influenzae

A

true

53
Q

what are some common virulence factors of H. influenzae?

A
  • endotoxin (LOS) which triggers inflammation
  • haemophilus adhesion and penetration factor (Hap) aids in attachment and invasions
  • has a polysaccharide capsule to avoid phagocytosis
  • IgA1 protease and P2 protein that allow it to evade antibodies
54
Q

what is the causative agent of neonatal meningitis?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae, group B streptococcus (GBS) (encapsulated gram positive)

55
Q

where can S. agalactiae be found in humans?

A

can be found in the urogenital and gastrointestinal microbiota

56
Q

these are bacteria that can also cause neonatal meningitis, but are not as common. they cause infection of the arachnoid mater and CSF after spreading through the circulation in blood or by spreading from an infection of the sinuses or nasopharynx

A

Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli

microbio 3810 (16 decks)

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