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microbio 3810 > 11. microbial pathogenesis I > Flashcards

11. microbial pathogenesis I Flashcards

1
Q

when a micro-organism is growing and multiplying on or within a larger organism, known as the host, it is said to have an ______

A

infection

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2
Q

this is any change from a state of health in which part or all the host is incapable of carrying on its normal functions due to the presence of a pathogen or its products (toxins)

A

infectious disease

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3
Q

an organism that causes a disease is known as a ________

A

pathogen

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4
Q

the ability for a pathogen to cause a disease is called ________

A

pathogenicity

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5
Q

an organisms _________ is the degree of harm (pathogenicity) inflicted on its host

A

virulence

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6
Q

what factors does microbial virulence involve?

A

think “APIT”
- adherence
- persistence
- invasion
- toxigenicity

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7
Q

what are the two types of pathogens

A

extracellular and intracellular

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8
Q

these are pathogens that grow and multiply within host cells (inside the body cells such as macrophages, neutrophils and tissue cells). they can be subdivided into two groups: facultative and obliagate

A

intracellular pathogens

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9
Q

these are pathogens that remain in tissues and fluids but never enter host cells

A

extracellular pathogens

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10
Q

a type of intracellular pathogen that reside within the cells of the host but can also be grown in pure culture without host-cell support (in vitro)

A

facultative intracellular pathogens
- think can be studied in lab thus “faculty” therefore “facult”ative

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11
Q

a type of intracellular pathogen incapable of growth and multiplication outside the host cell.

A

obligate intracellular pathogens

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12
Q

true/false: all viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens

A

true

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13
Q

__________ are examples of protozoa that require host cells (RBC’s) for growth

A

malarial parasites

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14
Q

this is a micro-organism that does not causes disease

A

non pathogen

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15
Q

this is an agent capable of causing disease, only when the host’s resistance is impaired (e.g. immunocompromised).

A

opportunistic pathogen

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16
Q

true/false: opportunistic pathogens can be part of your normal microbiota

A

true

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17
Q

what are some characteristic of bacteria that are pathogenic?

A
  • aderence
  • persistence
  • invasion
  • toxigenicity
  • transmissibility
  • ability to survive in the hosts immune system
18
Q

this scientist proposed a series of postulates that have been applied broadly to link many specific bacterial species with particular diseases

A

Robert Koch

19
Q

what are Koch’s postulates

A
  1. the microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms
  2. the microorganism must be isolated from a diseases organisms and grown in pure culture
  3. the cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  4. the microorganism must be preisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
20
Q

what are Koch’s molecular postulates

A
  1. the phenotype or property under investigation should be significantly associated with pathogenic strains of a species and not with nonpathogenic strains
  2. specific inactivation of the gene or genes associated with the suspected virulence trait should lead to a measurable decrease in pathogenicity or virulence
  3. reversion or replacement of the mutated gene with the wild-type gene should lead to restoration of pathogenicity or virulence.
21
Q

this is the location from which the pathogen is transferred to the host

A

the source of the pathogen

22
Q

the source of the pathogen can be either _____ (humans or animals) or ______ (water or food)

A

animate or inanimate

23
Q

this is the natural environmental location in which the pathogen resides

A

reservoir

24
Q

these are diseases where infectious agents are transmitted from animals to humans

A

zoonoses

25
Q

what are the four main routes of transmission?

A
  1. airborne transmission
  2. contact transmission
  3. vehicle transmission
  4. vector-borne transmission
26
Q

pregnant women can also pass on a pathogen to their unborn child via this type of transmission

A

vertical transmission

27
Q

in this type of transmission, the pathogen is suspended in the air in droplets, aerosols or dust

A

airborne transmission

28
Q

true/false: droplets require close proximity for transfer between hosts

A

true

29
Q

these are smaller particles, 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter, that result from the evaporation of the larger droplets

A

aerosols or droplet nuclei

30
Q

true/false: the influenza and ebola viruses can be transmitted either by droplet or droplet nuclei

A

false; the influenza virus can, but the Ebola virus can only be transmitted through droplets if the droplets directly contact the potential host’s mucous membranes

31
Q

this type of transmission implies the coming together or touching of the source or reservoir of the pathogen and the host; can be divided into direct and indirect

A

contact transmission

32
Q

a type of contact transmission where an actual physical interaction with the infectious source is needed such as touching, kissing, body contact

A

direct contact

33
Q

a type of contact transmission that occurs when an inanimate object transfers the infectious agent between hosts

A

indirect contact

34
Q

these are inanimate objects that become colonized with microbes and serve as potential intermediaries for pathogens transmission

A

formites

35
Q

this is the transmission of pathogens though inanimate material (vehicles or formites), in which the vehicle spreads the pathogen to multiple hosts.

A

vehicle transmission

36
Q

what are some examples of vehicles associated with vehicle transmission

A
  • surgical instruments
  • drinking vessels
  • stethoscopes
  • bedding
  • eating utensils
  • clothing
37
Q

these are living transmitters of pathogens

A

vectors

38
Q

most vectors are ____ or ______

A

arthropods (insects, ticks, mites, fleas) or vertebrates (dogs, cats, skunks, bats)

39
Q

this type of transmission often benefits the pathogen by permitting extensive reproduction and spread within the host

A

vector-borne transmission

40
Q

pathogens transmitted by biting arthropods are often highly virulent causing diseases such as

A
  • malaria
  • sleeping sickness
  • typhus
41
Q

the _______ of pathogenic bacteria into the body are the sites where mucous membranes meet the skin

A

portals of entry

42
Q

what are some portal of entries for pathogens

A
  • respiratory tract
  • GI tract (mouth), genital and urinary tracts
  • abnormal areas (e.g. cuts, burns, etc.)

microbio 3810 (16 decks)

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