15. diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular systems Flashcards
this bacteria are gram positive, endospore forming rods that are obligate anaerobes. endospores of this bacteria are widespread in nature, commonly found in soil, water, feces, sewage and marine sediments. they produce more types of exotoxins that any other bacterial genus.
Clostridium
Clostridium produces two exotoxins with protease activity that are the most potent known biological toxins. these are:
- tetanus neurotoxin
- botulinum neurotoxin
this is a non-communicable disease characterized by uncontrolled muscle spasms.
tetanus
the endospores of __________ are found in hospital environments, in soil and dust, and in the feces of many farm animals and humans -> transmission to humans is associated with skin wounds as break in the skin always the bacterial endospores entry
Clostridium tetani
C. tetani produces ____ which prevents release of inhibitors neurotransmitters (GABA and glycine) at sy apses with spinal cord motor nerves, resulting in spasms affecting the muscles, causing clenched jaw and fists, paralysis of the respiratory muscles, disturbance of the Emhart function and can lead to death.
TeNT (Tetanospasmin)
in some cases of tetanus, spasms in the muscles in the neck, back and legs may cause the body to form a rigid, stiff arch, a posture called _______-
opsithotonos
C. tetani produces a second toxin called _______ which is a hemolysin that aids in tissue destruction
tetanolysin
this is a result of an infection by C. botulinum or its toxins (BoNT). the infection could occur through contaminated wound or food
botulism
when ______ enters the blood stream, it is transferred to the motor neurone where is bonds to presynaptic membranes and prevents the release of acetylcholine. the consequence is the loss of muscle activity, leading to muscle relaxation and eventually paralysis
BoNT
what are some early symptoms of botulism?
- drooping eyelids
- difficulty swallowing
- abdominal cramps
- vomiting
- constipation or diarrhea
followed by - progressive flaccid paralysis
- gradual weakening
- loss of control of the muscles
the infectious diseases of the _______ system infect the blood, blood vessels and the heart
CV
this is presence of viable bacteria int he bloodstream; the bacteria get in the bloodstream through a minor cut or wound, or from dental, GI or urinary tract procedures
bacteremia
this is a general expression of the infectious disease process caused by bacterial or fungal toxins in the blood. the pathogen is viable, multiplying and may be producing toxins; the bacteria enter the bloodstream as a severe complication of other infections such as lung infections (pneumonia), meningitis, UTI, skin infections, GI infections
septicemia aka sepsis
what are the most common causes of septicemia/sepsis?
staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyroxenes, streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli
what are the beginning symptoms of septicemia?
- weakness
- chills
- rapid heart and breathing rate
blood septicemia could develop into a potentially deadly medical condition characterized by a whiole body inflammatory state called:
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
when the inflammation occurs with an extremely low blood pressure its called ______ which is fatal in many cases
septic shock
what type of patients is sepsis most common in?
- children
- immunocompromised
- elderly
_______ is an infection go the inner surface of the heart or heart valves
bacterial enodcarititis
if a heart valve is damaged or covered with a piece of a blood clot, the valve provides a place for the bacteria to attach themselves and an infection can be established, which then ______ or inflammation of the inner tissue of the heart occurs as a result
endocartitis
what are the main causative agents of bacterial endocaritis
staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyrogenes
what are the signs and symptoms of bacterial endocarditis
- prolonged fever (more than 3 days)
- feeling weak or tired
- joint pains
- skin rashes
- change sin the heart murmur
this is an inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever. caused by antibody cross reactivity as the antibodies again S. pyogenes antigens attack the tissue in the heart or joints instead.
rheumatic fever
what are the main symptoms of rheumatic fever?
- chest pain
- fever
- heart problems
- joint pain
- nose bleeds
- skin rash
what are the main symptoms of rheumatic fever?
- chest pain
- fever
- heart problems
- joint pain
- nose bleeds
- skin rash
this is also known as Pahvant Valley plague, rabbit fever, deer fly fever and Ohara’s fever; the bacteria is common in wild rodents and rabbits that is passed to humans through contact with infected animal tissues or by ticks, biting flies and mosquitos
Tularemia
what bacteria causes Tularemia?
Francisella tularensis (gram negative, coccobaccilus)
what are the main symptoms of Tularemia?
- fever
- lethargy (lack of energy)
- signs of septicemia
- the face and eyes redden and become inflamed
- inflammation of the lymph nodes which may be suppurate and death may occur
this is also called Bang’s disease, Crimean fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Mediterranean fever, rock fever or undulant fever. it is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected animals. the occupational workers of laboratory, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers are at high risk of infection
Brucellosis
what is the causative agent of Brucellosis?
Brucella melitensis
what are the symptoms of Brucellosis?
- inconstant fevers
- sweating
- weakness
- anemia
- headaches
- muscle pain
- arthritis
- testicular inflammation
what is the causative agent of the plague?
Yersina pestis
Y. pestis infects the lymphatic system and causes swelling of the lymph nodes called buboes (this stage is called bubonic ________). the bacteria then enter the blood (the condition is referred to as the septicemic ________). when the bacteria enter the lungs, the disease is called the pneumonic ________. transmission by airborne droplets is possible at this time
plague
this is the most common vector borne disease is the USA. symptoms include a bullseye rash occurring on the skin called eythema chronicum migrans. after the rash fades and spirochetes enter the blood, fever and other symptoms appear. later the heart is affected and irregular heartbeat may be observed. on occasion, paralysis of the face may occur. some months later, patients display arthritis of the large joints such as hips, ankles, knees
Lyme disease
what is the causative agent of Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
this disease is characterized by a maculopapular skin rash occurring on the appendages and then spreading to the trunk. high fever and headaches accompany the disease. as complications, this disease damages the lining of the smallest blood vessels, causing the vessels to leak of form clots. this may cause inflammation of the heart or lungs which can head to heart or lung failure in severe cases.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
what is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii
what genus spreads Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Dermacentor
the organism of this disease invades the bloodstream and causes a maculopapular skin rash beginning on the trunk and spreading to the appendages.
epidemic typhus
what is the causative agent of epidemic typhus?
Rickettsia prowazekii
what genus is epidemic typhus transmitted by?
Pediculus
this is also called murine typhus because it occurs in mice and other rodents. it is transmitted by the cat or rat flea. the symptoms are similar to those of epidemic typhus but are much milder and the mortality rate is much lower.
endemic typhus
what is the causative agent of endemic typhus?
Rickettsia typhi
