Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition through life > 3. Nutrition needs during preconception > Flashcards

3. Nutrition needs during preconception Flashcards

1
Q
  • what is the average time considered for “preconception?
  • may be extended to what? to achieve desired health outcomes in prep for pregnancy? (ie reach what?)
A
  • 3 months prior to conception/before egg is fertilized by sperm
  • may be extended to 6 months to 1 year –> ie to attain a healthy BMI
    *recently, studies show that preconception should be more than 1 year prior to conception to prevent offspring from chronic diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is preconception health a concern?
- key concern?
- are mothers usually health during preconception in NA?

A
  • poor maternal health at conception comprises health of fetus and pregnant mother –> increase risk of pregnancy complications + preterm/low birth weight babies
  • key concern: overweight and obesity –> risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia
  • nope! 50% of women are overweight, 24% take multivitamin with folic acid, 23% smoked in 3 months prior to conception (related to preterm birth and low birth weight)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

preconception nutrition recommendations based on 4 things ish + should include who?

A
  1. intake of sufficient folate
  2. reduction in anemia (folate, B12, iron)
  3. being current on important vaccinations
  4. less weight gain at beginning of pregnancy
    (1, 3 and 4 included in –> receiving preconception care services)
    - should include both parents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what (4) should be targeted during interconception period?

A

smoking, folic acid intake, weight management, stress reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

improving pre-conception health:
- 2 life habits should increase
- 3 life habits should decrease

A

INCREASE:
- eating “5 a day” (of f& v) for adequate iron and potassium
- taking folic supplement
DECREASE:
- smoking
- alcohol
- overweight/obese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is lifestyle behaviour modification DURING pregnancy enough to limit gestational diabetes/preeclampsia/large for gestation baby?
- solution?

A

no!
- during pregnancy –> can limit gestational weight gain
- BUT unsuccessful in reducing gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and large for gestation in women with obesity
*need multidisciplinary approche to improve dietary and lifestyle habits during preconception period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fertility vs fecundity?
- fertility affected by (5)

A

FERTILITY = actual production of children
FECUNDITY = biological capacity to bear children
FERTILITY AFFECTED BY:
- body composition
- nutrition
- health status
- social drug use
- genetic considerations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Infertility vs subfertility

A

INFERTILITY = inability to get pregnant after 12 or more months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
SUBFERTILITY = any period of reduced fertility when conception is desired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

female vs male infertility proportions?

A
  • 35% cases due to female infertility
  • 30% involves problems only due to male infertility
  • 20% cases related to both women and men infertility
  • 15% remains unexplained
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

healthy dietary choices for good fertility
- increase (4)
- decrease (3)
*good nutrition –> emphasis on (2) = less infertility

A

INCREASE:
- dietary fiber
- n-3 fats
- vegetables
- micronutrient rich diet! (high satiety)
DECREASE:
- trans fats
- refined carbs
- added sugars

emphasis on maintaining healthy weight + healthy dietary choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

age at onset of pregnancy affects (2)
- age of woman at onset of pregnancy is increasing/decreasing –> explain + 3 consequences?

A
  • affects fertility and pregnancy outcomes
  • increasing! used to be 21, now 27! –> only a set number of eggs –> over time, environmental factors can damage the eggs
    1. possible difficulty conceiving
    2. increase in potential adverse pregnancy outcomes
    3. risk of infertility or subfertility and possibly fewer offspring than desired
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

consequences of overweight vs underweight at pregnancy

A

OVERWEIGHT:
- risk in pregnancy: preeclampsia, cesarian
- offspring: macrosomia (excessive weight), breathing problems, BP control
- long term offspring health issues (chronic diseases)
UNDERWEIGHT:
- risk in pregnancy: low birth weight, higher risk of mortality, poor development outcome (neural), higher risk of infection, poor lung health
- risk of metabolic disorders: overweight, T2D, CVD –> Barker’s hypothesis (epigenetics)

*obesity and low body weight combined account for 6% of infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

obese women that are infertile
- modest weight loss of how much can restore (2)
- BUT consequence?

A
  • modest weight loss of 5-10% body weight can restore ovulation and increase fertility
    *because hormonal imbalances lead to poor ovulation + risk of infertility
  • BUT excessive pre-conceptional weight loss can lead to undesirable pregnancy outcome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

obese women:
- high levels of (2) released from what?
- leads to 4 + 4 (more general linked with obesity)
obese men:
- lower levels of (1) + increased (2)
- leads to (3)
OVERALL FOR BOTH: increased what damages both _____ and ________

A

WOMEN:
- high levels of androgens and leptin from fat
- leads to menstrual-cycle irregularity, amenorrhea (cessation of menstrual cycle), ovulatory failure and anovaluatory cycles + polycystic ovary syndrome + delivery by cesarean section + some birth defects + high birth weight infant
MEN:
- lower testosterone + increased estrogen and leptin levels
- reduced sperm production and quality + erectile dysfunction + impairs offspring’s metabolic and reproductive health
OVERALL
- increased oxidative stress damages both eggs and sperm (ie egg can lose ability for self-division and proliferation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Women: high BMI before conception impairs (3) things related to lactation

A
  • successful initiation of breastfeeding
  • duration of lactation
  • amount of milk produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what (2) interventions can reverse the damaging effects of obesity on sperm function? explain

A
  • diet and exercise!
  • poor diet has been linked to male infertility –> need zinc in sperm! studies show that increase zinc = increase sperm quality
17
Q

3 impacts of being underweight in women vs 2 in men
- women with BMI < ____ encouraged to gain weight

A

WOMEN:
- certain % of body fat is required to produce hormones necessary to conceive
- may develop amenorrhea
- delayed time to conception
- women BMI < 19 –> encouraged to gain weight
MEN:
- may not be able to produce viable sperm
- may have low sperm production
*importance of body fat for hormone production

18
Q

What are health issues/diseases that can impact fertility? (7)

A
  • overweight/obesity
  • underweight
  • Celiac disease
  • diabetes
  • eating disorders
  • hypertension
  • poor nutrition
19
Q

Celiac disease:
- what? –> leads to 5 consequences
- in pregnancy: increases risk of (4)
- how is it treated?

A
  • immune response in small intestine to gluten
  • damaged intestinal lining, anemia, bone problems, cancer risk + critical nutrients may not be well absorbed!!!
  • increases risk of infertility, miscarriage, low birth weight, premature delivery
  • treated by eliminating foods containing gluten
20
Q

diabetes
- if poorly controlled, can contribute to ________ in who?
- ______ with diabetes = twice as likely to have low __________
- 3 dietary recommendations

A
  • can contribute to infertility in both men and women
    *in females with T2D –> specifically CHO metabolism –> might increase blood glucose and ketone levels –> teratogenic
  • men with diabetes twice as likely to have low testosterone
    1. CHO counting = effective
    2. protein and healthy fat intake encouraged
    3. specific ratio of CHO, prot and fat keeps blood sugar in healthy range
21
Q
  • what are 3 common eating disorders?
  • all associated with poor what?
  • can lead to (2)
  • risk for ________ pregnancy
  • how to solve ish?
A
  • bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder
  • all associated with poor nutritional status
  • fertility problems + amenorrhea
  • risk for unplanned pregnancy –> woman may think she is unable to get pregnant
    *more common in adolescence
  • benefits from psychological counseling prior to becoming pregnant
22
Q

hypertension
- approximately ___% of women of childbearing age –> 2 symptoms ish
- increases likelihood of what during pregnancy?
- can lead to what? explain
- solution?

A
  • 7.3% –> high blood pressure + protein in urine
  • likelihood of preeclampsia
  • can lead to fetal growth restriction –> hypertension impedes blood flow of placenta –> impedes optimal delivery of nutrient and O2
  • solution = Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet –> reduce sodium and increase fruit and vegetable intake = increase potassium
23
Q

preconception and interconception care/nutrition
- women need (4) + explain
- men need (2) + explain

A

WOMEN:
- folate –> deficiency can lead to birth defects
- iron –> deficiency = high risk of poor outcomes even if take supplements during pregnancy
- omega-3 fatty acids DHA
- iodine
MEN:
- zinc –> poor zinc status = poor sperm quality –> sperm is highly sensitive to oxidative stress (from smoking, drugs)
- antioxidants –> can protect against oxidative stress

24
Q

Preconception: folic acid:
- necessary for what?
- critical time for this development is from days ___ to ____ after conception
- fortification?
- should women supplement?

A
  • necessary for neural tube to develop into the brain and spinal cord
  • critical time = 17-30 days after conception
    *3000 women deliver babies with neural tube defects in USA per year
  • folic acid fortification to commonly consumed grain foods
  • should supplement at least 2-3 months before conception with folic acid daily as part of multivitamin
    *especially if some people have difficulty metabolizing folate from fortified foods (bc of SNPs)
25
Q

preconception: iron
- women who are anemic in first trimester –> infants show more (3)
- iron critical for _____ development
- supplement?
- Health Canada reqs?

A
  • infants show more developmental delays, behavioral issues, learning issues
  • brain development
  • women should begin taking supplement prior to becoming pregnant and continue throughout pregnancy and while breastfeeding –> takes awhile for iron supplement to optimize RBC synthesis
    *a lot of women will be low in iron getting into pregnancy –> get tested for iron status before pregnancy
  • Health Canada recommends 16-20 mg iron supplement
26
Q

preconception: iodine
- necessary for proper ___a___ function –> if ___a___ dysfunction –> may result in what?
- (7) foods that interfere with ___a___ production in hypo_________
- what management can help maintain ___a___ function
- ________ also has which 2 benefits?

A
  • necessary for proper thyroid function –> if thyroid dysfunction –> may result in subfertility
  • broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, turnips, bok choy –> can interfere with thyroid production in hypothyroidism
  • STRESS management can help thyroid function –> bc higher cortisol levels interfere with conversion of T3 to T4
  • exercise! stimulates thyroid hormone secretion + increases tissue sensitivity to thyroid hormone
27
Q

do birth control pills/hormonal contraceptives impair/delay fertility?
- birth control pills can cause (3)

A
  • some concern and debate… nothing sure yet
    1. increased cholesterol levels
    2. higher blood pressure
    3. higher triglycerides
  • all 3 higher levels = higher risk in pregnancy
28
Q
  • can pregnant women drink alcohol during pregnancy?
  • what are the reqs for before trying to conceive? men vs women?
    *ppl who consume alcohol are typically associated with (2)
A
  • alcohol = teratogen during pregnancy –> intake can cause stillbirth, preterm birth and miscarriage –> no amount of alcohol is recommended during pregnancy (dose-response relationship)
    BEFORE TRYING TO CONCEIVE:
  • men should abstain from alcohol for at least 6 months (alcohol can affect viability of sperm)
  • women should abstain for at least 1 year
    *with poor nutritional status + deficiency in key micronutrients
29
Q
  • should women use recreational drugs like marijuana during pregnancy?
  • effect of marijuana?
A
  • recreational drugs, including marijuana, are also teratogenic during pregnancy
  • TCH (active compound in marijuana) induces genes associated with autism, attention disorders and neurodevelopmental problems
30
Q

smoking:
- __% women reported smoking in 3 months prior to pregnancy
- effect on pregnancy? (4 ish)

A
  • 23.3%
    1. can make it harder for woman to get pregnant
    2. limits amount of oxygen available to baby
    3. can cause tissue damage
    4. vasoconstrictive effect of nicotine at placental level can lead to fewer nutrients being delivered and less waste being removed –> leading to birth complications and low birth weight
    *smoking = lots of metals and contaminants
31
Q
  • can woman drink coffee during pregnancy?
  • current recommendation?
A
  • mixed data on whether caffeine contributes to miscarriage and low birth weight
    *too much could lead to lower birth weight… but confounding effects
  • no more than 200 mg per day for women who are pregnant or are trying to get pregnant –> from all sources: tea, coffee, sports drink, soda
    *240 mL coffee = 135 mg
    *1 oz espresso = 70 mg caffeine
    *480 mL energy drink = 160 mg
    *592 mL soda = 60-90 mg
32
Q

nutrition for men:
- why need to take antioxidants?
- which 4 antioxidants
- folate supplements help what?
- effects of alcohol consumption?
- effects of smoking?

A
  • antioxidant protect reproductive cells from oxidative stress (can reduce fertility) –> antioxidants support sperm development and viability (sperm DNA quite susceptible to oxidative stress)
  • vit E, vit C, glutathione, zinc
  • folate supplements can help increase sperm production (can act as antioxidant)
  • alcohol may adversely affect male reproductive hormones and impair sperm
  • smoking may cause erectile dysfunction and harm sperm function
    *Alcohol and smoking CAUSE oxidative stress
33
Q

preconception and interconception care:
- what is epigenetics?
- affected by (4)
- maternal obesity contributes to (1)
- paternal obesity contributes to (2)
- advanced paternal age can change ___________ in offpsring

A
  • epigenetics = changes in expression of DNA without changing the actual genes
  • affected by diet, environment, health habits, chronic conditions
  • maternal –> childhood obesity
  • paternal –> diabetes + obesity in offspring
  • can change socialization in offspring (bc sperm quality can be affected by environmental influences)
34
Q

BOTH paternal obesity & undernutrition, maternal obesity & overnutrition & undernutrition cause cause (2 things)

A
  1. epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming
  2. postnatal cardiometabolic disease risk
    *more and more data saying that your health is influenced by what you experience in utero

Nutrition through life (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions