2.1 Energy, Prot, Fat, CHO, Fiber, Water reqs for adults Flashcards
what is basal metabolic rate?
- how is it measured?
BMR = minimal rate of energy expenditure compatible with life (HR, kidney, breathing, organs)
- measured in supine position under standard conditions of rest, fasting (so no thermic effect of food), immobility, thermoneutrality and mental relaxation
BMR vs basal energy expenditure?
vs resting metabolic rate/resting energy expenditure
- BMR = rate at the time of measure
- BEE = basal energy expenditure expressed as kcal/24 hours
- RMR/REE = same construct as BMR/BEE but usually REE is 10% higher bc its measurement is less rigorous (different setting, individuals may have eaten…)
- BMR and RMR: different methodologies to measure the same thing (minimal rate of energy expenditure to keep living)
what is total energy expenditure?
- what are the 3 components of TEE?
- energy spent, on average, in a 24-hour period by an individual or a group of individuals
- reflects avg amount of energy spend in a typical day
1. physical activity
2. thermic effect of food (digestion)
3. basal metabolic rate / resting metabolic rate
what is adaptive thermogenesis?
- when you diet and eat less cals –> your body adapts by decreasing its metabolic rate to match the number of cals you eat = adaptive thermogenesis
- why some people have trouble losing even more weight bc organs adapt to lower cal intake
- small component of TEE
*can also adapt to increase metabolic rate if you eat more cals (but a lot less of a difference than when met. rate decreases)
what is weight cycling/yoyo effect?
- linked with what?
- how to overcome?
- when you diet and lose weight (fat AND muscle), but then weight rebounds (gain weight but mostly gain fat so your body composition gets worse
- linked with increase morbidity and mortality
- recs: exercise and increase protein when trying to lose weight to prevent muscle loss
what is the estimated energy requirement (EER?)
(5 things to take into consideration)
- how are the formulas determined?
- avg dietary energy intake that will maintain energy balance in a HEALTHY person of given gender, age, weight, height and physical activity level, consistent with good health
- using doubly labeled water and stable isotopes to get estimates in different population groups
EER is used to predict an appropriate energy intake to do what? (2) for who (?)
to plan and assess diets and dietary intakes for both individuals and groups
does energy reqs have and RDA, a UL or a “safe range of intake”?
no! a “safe range of intake” does not apply bc intakes above or below requirements lead to either weight gain or loss
- if energy had an RDA, most ppl would be overweight
- bc RDA is used to quantify UL, no RDA = no UL
does the EER take into consideration energy content of new body constituents (give 3 examples)?
yes!
- growth, pregnancy, milk produced during lactation
- growth quotient is added to EER
EER definition used to only apply to _________ populations
VS updated EER in 2023: DRI population now defined as what?
- past = healthy populations
- updated = general population, including those with overweight, obesity and chronic diseases/chronic disease risk factors (rather than the previous “generally healthy” population
*UNLESS there is an effect of the disease and/or medications on nutritional status that would alter normal physiological reqs (ie cystic fibrosis have higher metabolic demands)
what are the 3 steps to plan for energy intakes using EER?
- select appropriate EER equation for individual/group
- identify correct physical activity level (PAL) category: inactive, low active, active, very active
- monitor body weight over time bc EER equations are NOT accurate –> adjust energy intake as needed to maintain desired weight
EER for individuals
- the calculated EER for an individual has a large ________ _______
- can you simply compare the calculated EER to the individual’s energy intake to check if they’re meeting their energy reqs?
- what is the biological indicator for adequacy for energy?
- large confidence interval
- no! comparing the 2 does not indicate if individual is meeting their reqs
- body weight maintenance!!!
EER for groups
- how to calculate EER?
- limitations?
- a reference individual is identified based on median heights and weights of the group members
*if data for group members are not available, use the median height and weight of appropriate age/sex group among overall population - EER for group will overestimate (risk of them not eating all the food they are served) or underestimate (risk of weight loss) reqs of many group members
True or false?
prevalent of inadequacy of energy intake in a group can be estimated by determining the proportion of the group’s usual nutrient intake distribution that falls below the EAR
FALSE
- cannot! bc energy intakes are highly correlated with requirement
- Not appropriate to use reported energy intake to determine the prevalence of energy inadequacy or excess in a group
physical activity level = ratio btw what (2)
PAL = TEE/BEE
*for adult men, non pregnant women and non lactating women: BEE x PAL = TEE
- PAL categories are closely linked to energy expended during physical activity in terms of ____A____ ____B_____ (acronym?)
- __A__ ___B___ = what? –> represents what? + values between what and what?
- in terms of metabolic equivalents (METs)
- MET value = level of energy expenditure achieved during the performance of an activity
- MET represents a multiple of the resting metabolic rate for a particular activity
- typical range of MET values: 1.0 (light) to 12.0 (vigorous)
describe inactive, low active, active, very active + PAL numbers
- inactive = sedentary: 1.00 - 1.53
- low active = regular living, chores: 1.53-1.68
- active = recreational exercise: 1.68-1.85
- very active = lots of exercise: 1.85-2.50
*upper bound is excluded (<) vs lower bound is included (>=)
considerations for EER
- extent of ___________ of EER is indicated by what?
- assuming normal distribution:
___% will have energy req within 1 standard error of value predicted by EER equation
___% would have energy reqs within 1.96 _____ of value predicted by EER equation
- extent of variability –> standard error of the predicted value (SEPV)
- normal distribution accounts for natural individual variability:
68% within 1 SD
95% within 1.96 SEPV
*ie for women aged 19 or more, SEPV = 241 kcal/day
ex.: EER of a woman = 2275 - 68% of women with her characs would have reqs btw 2034 and 2516 (2275 +- 241)
- 95% would have reqs btw 1803 and 2747 (EER +- (1.96 * 241))
