2.3 Macro and microminerals reqs in adults Flashcards
Calcium
- 3 functions
- AI/RDA based on what?
- 98-99% of bones and teeth –> hydroxyapatite
- second messenger in intracellular signaling
- nerve cell signaling
RDA based on Ca2+ balance studies –> intakes to achieve small gains in bone mass concentration –> based on clinical trials showing an increase in bone mineral density in women provided with intakes of 1000 mg/d
reqs for calcium? UL?
EAR = 840 mg/day
RDA = 1000 mg/day
for both men and women 19-50 yo
UL = 2500 mg –> based on supplements
- excessive calcium will block iron
- heart disease in post-menopausal women
- increase risk of prostate cancer for men
- downregulation of vit D2
- large amount at once (from supplement) –> increase risk of plaques (atherosclerosis)
Phosphorus:
- occurs as what? –> in 3 types of molecules ish
- essential constituent of what?
- how can it maintain normal pH?
- temporary storage for what?
- required for _________ for the activation of what?
- occurs at PO4 –> in phospholipids, nucleotides, nucleic acids
- essential constituent of bones –> 85% of adult body P is in bone
- buffers acid and alkali XS to maintain normal pH (in bones)
- temporary storage and transfer of energy derived from metabolic fuels
- required for phosphorylation –> activation of many catalytic proteins
Phosphorus:
- EAR based on what?
- intake = amount absorbed?
- EAR/RDA?
- UL?
- based on lower end of the normal [Pi] range (0.86 mmol/L)
- need 18.7 mmol/L (580 mg) of intake to = 0.86 mmol/L
- EAR = 580 mg/day
- RDA = 700 mg/day
for both women and men >=19yo - UL = 4000 mg
- causes hyperphosphatidemia –> disrupts normal calcium metabolism
Magnesium:
- 50-60% in ______ –> 1/3 exchangeable for what?
- required _________ for what?
- 50-60% in bone! –> 1/3 skeletal Mg exchangeable as reservoir for maintaining normal extracellular [Mg]
- required cofactor for over 300 enzyme systems
Magnesium:
- EAR based on what?
- EAR/RDA?
- UL?
- based on maintenance of total body Mg (balance studies)
RDA: - Men 19-30 yo: 400mg/d
- Men > 30 yo: 420 mg/d
- Women 19-30 yo: 310 mg/d
- Women >30 yo: 320 mg/day
*over 30, decrease in tubular kidney function so need to increase - UL = 350 mg based on supplements NOT dietary sources of magnesium (ie nuts and seeds)
- adverse effect = osmotic effect, diarrhea, bloating, GI effects
IRON:
- component of which proteins (3 ish)
- almost 2/3 in Hb (erythrocytes)
- 15% in myoglobin in muscle
- rest in variety of iron containing enzymes necessary for oxidative metabolism and many other critical functions
what are the factors that are included when evaluating iron requirement? (4)
- EAR based on which losses for men vs women?
- basal iron losses (hair, skin, urine, feces)
- menstrual losses
- fetal requirements in pregnancy
- growth: expansion of blood volume and/or increase tissue and storage iron
- men: basal iron losses
- women: basal iron losses + menstrual losses
what is the iron EAR based on? (2 ish)
- based on need to maintain a normal, functional [Fe]
- but only a minimum store (serum [ferritin] of 15 ug/L)
major difference btw heme and non-heme iron?
- present in what foods?
major factor = bioavailability!
HEME IRON:
- meat, poultry, fish
- always well absorbed, slightly influenced by dietary factors (vit C)
NON-HEME IRON:
- present in all foods in ferric (3+) form
- strongly influenced by solubility and interaction with other meal components
- food iron is released by what in stomach?
- must be in what form for uptake by duodenal enterocytes?
- what food factors can reduce ferric to ferrous?
- which type of iron in more readily absorbed?
- which 3 things will decrease absorption of iron?
- released by acid digestion in stomach
- must be reduced to ferrous (Fe2+) prior to uptake by duodenal enterocytes
- ascorbic acid can reduce ferric (3+) to ferrous (2+) in intestinal lumen
- ferrous! and is present only in animal sources
- elevated levels of oxalic acid in vegetables, phytic acids in grains and tannins in tea will decrease iron absorption
- EAR/RDA based on what % bioavailability of iron?
- EAR set by estimating requirement for absorbed iron at which percentile? vs RDA?
- 18% bioavailability/absorption –> from typical mixed diet
- estimating reqs for absorbed iron at 50th percentile for EAR
- vs 97.5th percentile for RDA
which 2 populations are more at risk of iron deficiency? how to adjust requirement?
- completely vegetarian diet
- 14 mg/d for adult men and post-menopausal women (instead of 8 mg)
- 33 mg/d for premenopausal women (instead of 18 mg) - athletes doing intense exercise
- increase microscopic bleeding from GI tract, increased fragility of RBC
- avg requirement for iron may be 30% higher
EAR and RDA of iron for men vs women?
- UL?
MEN:
- EAR = 6 mg/d
- RDA = 8 mg/d
WOMEN:
- EAR = 8.1 mg/d
- RDA = 18 mg/d
UL = 45 mg from supplements
- GI disturbances –> could develop IBS
- can form reactive oxygen species
SULFUR:
- present in which amino acids?
- component of what essential compound?
- sources?
- EAR/RDA/UL?
- present in methionine, cysteine and cystine, in proteins
- component of glutathione (cysteine)
- sources = S-containing aa from protein digestion
- no intake requirement established bc sufficient sulfur intake from s-containing aa BUT plant proteins might not have enough s-containing aa which would decrease glutathione
adequate potassium intake important for 4 things
- lowering blood pressure (bc helps excrete sodium)
- blunting adverse blood-pressure effects of salt intake
- reducing risk of kidney stones
- potentially reducing bone loss
what is the benefit of eating potassium from fruits and vegetables?
fruits and vegetables contain K+ associated with organic compounds (malate, gluconate, citrate) –> good buffering capacity against acid by releasing bicarbonate
- this can reduce bone loss bc these organic compounds will act as buffering capacity and body won’t have to release calcium phosphate (from bones) to regulate pH
- is there a sensitive biomarker for potassium requirements?
- balance studies?
- RDA/AI of potassium based on what?
- no!
- available balance studies don’t rigorously measure intake and all forms of losses, limiting their ability to estimate potassium reqs
- no sufficient evidence for EAR
- AI = median intakes in apparently healthy groups of people
potassium AIs: before vs now
before: 4.7 mg = too high –> not needed to prevent chronic disease anymore
- now: AIs are reduced bc no longer based on evidence from potassium supplementation trials + additional benefits on chronic disease risk reduction considered for establishing potassium CDRR
- AI now (more in line with what people eat now)
- women > 19 yo : 2.6 mg/day
- men >19 yo : 3.4 mg/day
sodium:
- requirement? sedentary adults vs physically active
- AI allows for excess Na loss in what? by who?
- UL?
- AI = 1.5g/day (3.8g salt) for sedentary
- physically active: > 1.5g/day –> depends on sweat loss –> can exceed 10g/day
- allows for excess sodium loss in sweat (bigger loss than in urine) by unacclimatized persons exposed to high temp and whoa re moderately physically active
- UL = 2.3 g/day –> can lead to hypertension
- NO UL for physically active adults
what happens if you completely eliminate salt from diet?
you lose sufficient intake of iodine –> especially if vegan bc high iodine in seafood
- salt in processed foods is NOT iodized bc would lead to excessive iodine consumption = toxicity
Zinc functions (5)
- component of various enzymes (as cofactor)
- maintenance of structural integrity of proteins
- regulation of gene expression
- antioxidant role (cofactor for antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase)
- binding of GH to GHR –> growth
how to determine zinc EAR?
- 2 sources of zinc losses
- amount ingested = amount absorbed?
- factorial approach
- balance studies: minimal qty of absorbed zinc that is adequate to replace endogenous zinc losses
FOR MEN:
1. 1.27 mg/d = endogenous zine losses from non-intestinal sources (skin, sweat, urine, semen)
2. 2.57 mg/d = intestinal endogenous zinc losses
*3.84 mg/d = reqs –> need to ingest 9.4 mg/d to absorb that much
reqs for zinc?
- UL?
MEN > 19 yo:
- EAR = 9.4 mg/d
- RDA = 11 mg/d
WOMEN > 19 yo:
- EAR = 6.8 mg/d
- RDA = 8 mg/day
*bc smaller body size
- UL = 40 mg
- based on interaction competition btw zinc and copper
- if > 40 mg zinc –> will lead to copper deficiency (leads to decrease in superoxide dismutase activity)
- also cause nausea and GI distress
- function of iodine (2)
- reqs?
- UL?
- essential component of thyroid hormones that are involved in regulation of various enzymes and metabolic processes
- key role in neurotransmitter (deficiency can cause mental retardation)
- men and women: EAR = 95 ug/d
RDA = 150 ug/d
- UL = 1100 ug from food and supplements
- risk = shuts down thyroxine synthesis (just like if you have a deficiency)
2 selenium functions
- deficiency = what disease?
- selenium dependent enzymes (selenoproteins) –> oxidant defense enzymes (ie glutathione peroxidase)
- different selenium-dependent iodothyronine deiodinases can both activate and inactivate thyroid hormone
- Keshan disease = cardiomyopathy in children –> linked with selenium deficiency
*areas in china with selenium deficiency –> plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in males is 37% of max values
- what is used to determine selenium requirement?
- reqs?
- UL?
- EAR is based on selenium intakes to maximize plasma glutathione activity
- plateau concentration of plasma glutathione peroxidase is reached with approximate selenium intake of 45 ug
Men and women 19-70 yo:
EAR = 45ug/d
RDA = 55 ug/d
UL = 400 ug from supplements - toxicity –> excessive hair loss + adverse GI functions
COPPER:
- component of what acting as what to achieve what?
- 3 examples
- component of metalloenzymes acting as oxidases to achieve the reduction of molecular oxygen
1. monoamine oxidase (MAO) –> serotonin degradation and metabolism of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
2. diamine oxidase inactivates histamine
3. lysyl oxidase –> posttranslational processing of collagen and elastin for cross-linkages to produce connective tissues
what are the 2 ish functional biochemical measures of copper status?
- blood and platelet copper concentrations
- blood ceruloplasmin concentrations = primary source of storage of copper (in liver)
how is copper EAR/RDA established?
- EAR and RDA?
- UL?
- women fed 570 ug copper showed drop in platelet copper (better biomarker of intracellular store than plasma) concentrations declines
- suggests that 600 ug/day may be marginal intake in over half of population
- another increment was added to cover half of the population –> EAR set at 700 ug/day
for both men and women: - EAR = 700 ug/day
- RDA = 900 ug/day
- UL = 10 mg –> can interfere with zinc update bc compete for same transporter
Manganese:
- part of _________ –> needed for what metabolism?
- needed for formation of what? (2 examples of enzymes)
- manganese metalloenzymes needed for aa, lipid and CHO metabolism (ie arginase, glutamine synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate decarboxylase, superoxide dismutase)
- needed for formation of bone through proteoglycans that need Mn (lycosyltransferases and xylosyltransferases)
how are Manganese reqs established?
- AI?
- UL?
- based on balance studies –> 2.1-2.5 mg/day + CV of 10% –> 2.5-3mg/day (overestimation of reqs)–> but not super adequate, so AI based on usual intakes in North America
- AI for men > 19yo = 2.3 mg/day
- AI for women > 19 yo = 1.8 mg/d
- UL = 11mg from exposure to excessive water levels, construction setting
- CNS disfunction, abnormal gait, dizziness cause Mn becomes a neurotoxin
*infant UL is lower than that of adults
CHROMIUM:
- function?
- how was reqs established?
- AI?
- UL?
- chromium potentiates action of insulin (binding), to maintain glucose tolerance by activating insulin receptor activity
- through well-balanced adult diets –> 13.4 ug/1000 kcal –> using E reqs of 1850 kcal for women and 2800 kcal for men
AI men = 35 ug/day
AI women = 25 ug/day - no indication of UL but increase supplements might cause adverse effects (not enough studies)
MOLYBDENUM:
- present as cofactor in what enzymes (3) that catalyze what reactions?
- reqs based on what?
- EAR-RDA?
- UL?
- present as cofactor in molybdenum-containing enzymes (molybdoenzymes) that catalyze hydroxylation reactions (sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase)
- balance studies! –> min req to maintain adequate molybdenum status is around 22 ug/day + increment for miscellaneous sweat losses (3ug/d)
*avg bioavailability of 75% used to set EAR - for both men and women:
- EAR = 34 ug/d VS RDA = 45 ug/d
- UL = 2000 ug (not well validated in human studies)
- could happen from soil contamination
- animal studies: could have adverse effects during pregnancy
FLUORIDE:
- role? –> 2 benefits
- crystalline deposit in bone and teeth
1. larger and more perfectly formed (bone and teeth?) as a result of fluoride replacing the hydroxy portion of hydroxyapatite
2. forming the more decay-resistant fluorapatite –> more resistant to acidity of bacteria who ferment CHO + fluoride decrease metabolism of bacteria that ferment sugars
how are fluoride reqs determined?
- AI!
- UL?
- from relationship btw caries and water fluoride concentrations and fluoride intakes
- AI = 0.05 mg/kg/day
men > 19 yo = 4 mg/day
women > 19 yo = 3mg/day
*important for children >6 mo –> high level of protection against caries - UL = 10 mg from accidental exposure (ie swallow lots of toothpaste)
- causes fluorosis (brown staining to teeth + skeletal fluorosis = adverse effect to bone health) + brain damage (but really high doses)
how can status of dental health have incidence on CVD?
- bc pathogenic bacteria in mouth can produce inflammatory stuff like lipopolysaccharides –> can go into bloodstream and elicit inflammatory response
*lipopolysaccharides also secreted by gut microbiota
