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Psychopharmacology > 3 - Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

3 - Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

More than __ neurotransmitter chemicals have been identified

A

100

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2
Q

The synaptic cleft, is about __ __

A

20 nm

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3
Q

The synapse is surrounded by processes (fibers) from __ (__ __)

A

Astrocytes | Glial Cells

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4
Q

Two kinds of Autoreceptors

A

Terminal Autoreceptors: activated by the neurotransmitter; inhibit further transmitter release.

Somatodendritic Autoreceptors: on cell bodies or dendrites, slow the rate of neuron firing, which reduces the rate of transmitter release

*Some drugs block or stimulate autoreceptors

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5
Q

One axon synapses on the terminal of another axon.

  • Permits the presynaptic cell to alter neurotransmitter release from the postsynaptic cell directly at the terminals
  • Reduced transmitter release from the terminal: presynaptic inhibition.
  • Enhanced release of transmitter: presynaptic facilitation
A

Axoaxonic Synapses

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6
Q

A presynaptic axon terminal communicates with a dendrite of the postsynaptic cell

A

Axodendritic Synapse

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7
Q

Most neurotransmitters are made in the __ __. Enzymes for their synthesis are transferred there.

A

Axon Terminals

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8
Q

An Axon Terminal synapses on the body of a nerve cell

A

Axosomatic Synapses

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9
Q

Classical Neurotransmitters (4)

A
  • those studied first
  • can be synthesized anywhere in the cell
  • follow the neurotransmitter criteria
  1. acetylcholine
  2. amino acids
  3. monoamines
  4. purines
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10
Q

Small vesicles contain __ __ only

A

Classical transmitter(s)

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11
Q

Large vesicles may contain __ and __ transmitters

A

Classical | Neuropeptide

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12
Q

__ and __ readily pass through membranes and can’t be stored in __ __. They must be made on demand and simply diffuse out through the cell membrane. Once in __ __, they may travel to other cells nearby

A

Lipid & Gaseous Transmitters | Synaptic Vesicles | Extracellular Fluid

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13
Q

Numerous __ in the axon provide ATP for __ __ and __ __.

A

Mitochondria | Ion pumping | Transmitter release

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14
Q

Synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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15
Q

Synapse receiving cell may be another neuron, a muscle cell, or a cell specialized as a __/__ __

A

Neuron | Muscle Cell | Hormone/Secretory Cell

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16
Q

Replenishment of __ is slower than for small molecules because precursors are shipped from the cell body to axon terminals in large vesicles

A

Neuropeptides

17
Q

A chemical substance packaged in synaptic vesicles and released by a neuron to communicate across a synapse (with another neuron, muscle cell, organ, or a hormone-producing cell in an endocrine gland)

A

Neurotransmitter

18
Q

Neurotransmitter Criteria

A
  • Presynaptic cell contains the chemical and a mechanism to make it
  • Lipids and Gases are retrograde messengers
  • Mechanism for inactivating the chemical present
  • Chemical is released from axon terminal when neuron is stimulated
  • Receptors for chemical are present on postsynaptic cell
  • Direct application of chemical or agonist has same effect on post-synaptic cell as stimulating the presynaptic neuron
  • Applying an antagonist that blocks receptors inhibits both the chemical’s action and effect of stimulating the presynaptic neuron
19
Q

Proteins located on cell membranes to which a transmitter binds to activate it. Result may be exitatory or inhibitory.

A

Neurotransmitter Receptors

20
Q

Non-Classical Neurotransmitters (3)

A
  • gases
  • lipids
  • neuropeptides
21
Q

Vessicles do not transport the other __ __

A

Nonclassical Neurotransmitters

22
Q

Individual neurons can make from __ to __ neurotransmitters

A

One | Several

23
Q

Transmission occurs in one direction from __ __ to the __ __

A

Presynaptic Cell | Postsynaptic Cell

24
Q

Neuropeptides are made from __ __

A

Protein Precursors

25
Q

Some psychoactive drugs block transporters, and signal transmission is enhanced

A
  • Cocaine blocks transporters for DA, 5-HT, and NE.
  • Many antidepressants block 5-HT transporter, NE transporter, or both.
26
Q

Lipid and Gaseous Transmitters typically released by the postsynaptic rather than the presynaptic cell

A

Retrograde Messengers

27
Q

__ __ in the axon terminals are filled with several thousand molecules of a neurotransmitter

A

Synaptic Vesicles

Psychopharmacology (14 decks)

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