0 - History Flashcards
- 1 dose of produced greater improvement in performance than combined efforts of staff (1937)
- Led to methylphenidate (Ritalin) synthesized in 1944 (not straight up amphetamine)
- Led to DSM-III (1980) ADHD
- Paradoxical effects (helps all to focus but… genuine brain dysfunction will respond with lessened hyperactivity but those without genuine brain dysfunction become more hyper; suggests a biological difference.
Amphetamine (Benzedrine) for childhood hyperactivity
Sedatives. Led to “Sleep Therapy” (1903). If we force people to sleep they may wake up better/more subdued. People gained large amounts of weight from insulin and not very effective. Minor effectivensss but largely ineffective.
Barbiturates
Adorns seal of American psychiatric association. Was the first to believe that mental illness is a disease of the mind and not possession by demons. Wrote “Observations and Inquiries upon the Diseases of the Mind” (1812), the first psychiatric textbook printed in the US.
Benjamin Rush, Father of American Psychiatry (1745-1813).
Led to Psychiatry as pills in the 1950s. Works well for catatonia. Deinstitutionalization occurred largely because of it. Roughly 50% of those deinstitutionalized relapsed/returned to treatment.
FDA approved as an anti-emetic. Calms delirium, mania, and psychosis.
Chlorpromazine (chlorinated promazine); anti-psychotic.
- Used to manage stress reactions on battlefield; included in med kits of U.S. soldiers in Korean War [1950-1953]. Discontinued because injured soldiers indifferent to rescue.
- Creates Apathy/contentment/indifference in Macht’s rope climbing test
- Bored housewives use it; “Mother’s little helper” & Thorazine (“tranquilizers” rebrand as not “sedatives” because barbiturates had bad reputation).
- Old guard psychiatrists demanded evidence
- Clinical trails to compare chlorpromazine to treatment as usual or placebo
- Joel Elkes chlorpromazine study in professionals. Helped but at too high a cost in demotivation.
Adopted checklists and criteria in order to increase replicability
DSM-III (1980)
Student of Wundt. Coined “pharma-co-psychology”. Contributed to our idea of categorization by identifying two main psychological diseases (with many subtypes):
- Manic Depression (“manic-depressive insanity”) and
- Schizophrenia (“dementia praecox”)
Emile Kraepelin (1856 – 1926)
Recovery thought not possible from dementia praecox (including catatonia). Tended to look at prognosis and put negative ones into the dementia praecox category.
Created urea synthetically in 1828 and dismantled the argument for Vitalism.
Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882).
An analogue for what its like to be schizophrenic (60s-70s research)
M Theory
Coined “Psychopharmacology”: The study of how substances influence behaviour.
Created rope climbing test (1915): used for decades after
- Rats conditioned to avoid shocks (or get food) by climbing rope….
- Opioid salt administration can lead rats to not bother with either.
David Macht (1882 – 1961)
If patients came down with Malaria the syphilitic insanity would go away. High fever destroying the syphillis infection. Cured a very small subset of madness (the ones who didn’t die).
Wagner von Jauregg won the (1927) Nobel Prize for Malaria Innoculation
Malaria Fever Therapy (1917)
Now called Bipolar II
Manic Depressive Illness
Describe Mapping Issues in Psychology/Psychiatry
Mean identified disorders are constructs that are not necessarily “real” but are functionally useful.
Precursor to Chlorpromazin
Methylene blue
Monoamine Hypothesis
Depression is related to low levels of monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine)
Mania is related to high levels of them.
Now we have: Tofranil, Aventil for PTSD, OCD, Panic Disorder, GAD
Originally meant “soul”. Now means non-physical mind and consiousness/memories and capacities.
Psyche
