3 - Endocrine System

Question 1

Secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream. Another form of cellular communication. Affect target organs that can be far from their point of manufacture. To respond, a target cell must have __ __.

Answer 1

Hormones | Appropriate Receptors

Question 2

Two glands that come together during embryonic development

Answer 2

Adrenal Glands

Question 3

Derived from nervous system tissue; chromaffin cells secrete the monoamines epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE). Stressors stimulate this release of EPI and NE as part of the fight-or-flight response

Answer 3

Adrenal Medulla

Question 4

Secrete glucocorticoids. Cortisol (hydrocortisone) in humans or corticosterone in rats and mice

Answer 4

Adrenal Cortex

Question 5

Steroid hormones, derived from cholesterol. Maintain normal blood glucose levels while helping store excess glucose for future use

Answer 5

Glucocorticoids

Question 6

Gonads secrete __, __, ___. These hormones determine __ __ __

Answer 6

• estrogens, progestins, and androgens
• secondary sex characteristics

Question 7

Pancreas

1. Islets of Langerhans cells secrete __ and __ which regulate glucose levels
2. Lack of insulin results in __
3. Both are __ __

Answer 7

1. Insulin and Glucagon
2. Diabetes
3. Peptide Hormones

Question 8

Thyroid Gland secretes __ and __, important for normal energy metabolism

Answer 8

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 9

1. Pineal gland secretes __, which is synthesized from the neurotransmitter __.
2. Controls __ __. In humans
3. Most secretion is at night, suggesting control of __ __

Answer 9

1. Melatonin | 5-HT
2. RhythmicFunctions
3. Sleep Rhythms

Question 10

Pituitary Gland secretes many hormones, some of which control secretion of hormones from other glands.

It is actually two separate glands connected to the __ by a thin stalk comprised of __ and __ pituitary

Answer 10

Hypothalamus | Anterior and Posterior

Question 11

Connected to hypothalamus via blood vessels.

Hypothalamic-releasing hormones (made in hypothalamus) travel to the __ __ in blood and stimulate release of TSH __, FSH __, and LH __, and ACT__

Answer 11

Anterior pituitary

• Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
• Luteinizing Hormone
• AdrenoCorticoTropic hormone

Question 12

• __ __ is connected to the Hypothalamus via neuronal axons
  
  • __ acts on the kidneys to increase water retention
  • __ stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk letdown during lactation
    
    • affects pair bonding, parenting, affiliative behaviour

Answer 12

Posterior Pituitary | Vasopressin | Oxytocin

Question 13

Hormone receptors are on __ __ (extracellular) or are __.

Peptide hormones (e.g., insulin, vasopressin, oxytocin) have __ __.

Steroid and thyroid hormones have Intracellular Receptors. Most are in the cell nucleus and function as transcription factors, turning gene expression on or off.

Answer 13

Cell Surfaces | Intracellular | Surface Receptors | Intracellular Receptors

Question 14

Importance of the endocrine system to pharmacologists

Answer 14

• Drugs can alter hormone secretion and cause physiological abnormalities.
• Hormones can alter responses to drugs
• Hormones can have psychoactive properties (melatonin)
• Secretions from pituitary controlled by neurotransmitter systems in brain
• These systems can be altered by disease, injury, or drugs
• Sex hormones can alter responses to drugs.
• Levels of female sex hormones fluctuate with monthly menstrual cycle
• Effect for smoked cocaine was greater in females during the follicular phase, when levels of progesterone are relatively low
• Effect for injected nicotine similar to males infollicular but not luteal phase