2 - Cells and Functioning B Flashcards
Dendrites and soma have __ __ __
1000s of Receptors
Some i**on channels are modified by __ __ which cause the addition of a phosphate group, known as __ __ and regulate the state of the channel.
Second Messengers | Intracellular Phosphorylation
All cell membranes are polarized, but neurons can undergo rapid change in membrane potential that is propagated down the length of the axon
Action Potential
Provide structural support for neurons and help maintain ionic balance in the extracellular environment. They also take up excess neurotransmitters
Astrocytes
Rate of this reflects neuron activity; used in techniques that allow visualization of brain function
ATP Synthesis
Neurons require large amounts of __ __ __.
___ are abundant where energy needs are greatest.
ATP | Mitochondria
Neurons usually have 1 axon, but may branch to form __ __
Axon Collaterals
Integration of EPSPs and IPSPs occurs in the __ __
Axon Hillock
Axons transmit electrical signals from the __ __ to the __
Axon Hillock | Terminals
Proteins made in the soma are transported to the axon terminals
Axoplasmic Transport
K+ moves back out of cell when its __ __ in the cell rises.
Concentration Gradient
A neuron receives and integrates a vast amount of information from many cells.
Convergence
A network of microtubules and neurofilaments that provide shape and structure to the cell
Cytoskeleton
Dendrites are covered with __ __ that increase surface area
Dendritic Spines
Integrated information can be transmitted to a few or thousands of other neurons
Divergence
A kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential.
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
Most ion channels are __, but some __ __ are not so that it can move freely
Gated | K+ Channels
Form interacting neural circuits in brain and spinal cord; responsible for conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision-making, cognition.
Interneurons
Salty fluid from which cells take O2, nutrients, and drugs, and into which they secrete metabolic waste products.
Interstitial / Extracellular Fluid
Like other cells, neurons are enclosed by a semipermeable plasma membrane and are filled with salty cytoplasm.
Intracellular Fluid
__ __ are specific for one or a few ions.
__ __ are normally closed but open in response to specific stimul
Ion Channels | Gated Channels
A kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
Open when a ligand binds to a receptor
Ligand-Gated Channels
Remove dying cells by phagocytosis at sites of nerve damage and are responsible for immune response
Microglia
Form a track along which packets of proteins travel by the action of motor proteins.
Microtubules
Responsible for generating energy from glucose in a neuron / cell.
Mitochondria
Direct a biobehavioral response appropriate for the situation. Although these neurons have common features, their structural arrangements and sizes vary according to their specific functions.
A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.
Motor Neurons
Most axons are wrapped with a fatty insulating coating called the __ __ which is created by layers of __ __
Myelin Sheath | Glial Cells
The __ __ increases speed of conduction along the __; the thicker the __, the faster the conduction
Myelin Sheath | Axon | Myelin
Synapse betwen a neuron and a muscle cell
Neuromuscular Junction
Area of the dendritic membrane facing the synaptic cleft with many neurotransmitter receptors
Postsynaptic Density
The ___ (__ __) performs most metabolic functions.
Soma | Cell Body
Transmission: Dendrites and soma receive information from other cells across the ___, the point of communication between neurons
Synapse
