2 - Tolerance

Question 1

Tolerance is absent/reduced in a novel environment. The drug-taking procedure or environment may elicit a conditioned response even before the drug is taken. May elicit physiological responses opposite to the effect of the drug.

Learning types (classical/operant conditioning) may play a part in the development of this effect. Sometimes called __ __ __.

Answer 1

Behavioural Tolerance | Context-Specific Tolerance

Question 2

Changes in nerve cell function compensate for continued presence of a drug. Occurs with receptor down-regulation and up-regulation. The adaptive mechanism produces effects opposite to the initial drug effects; when the drug is no longer present, the adaptive mechanism remains functioning.

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamic Tolerance

Question 3

Repeated use of a drug reduces amount of the drug available at the target tissue. Some drugs increase their own rate of metabolism by inducing liver microsomal enzymes. Also known as __ __ __.

Answer 3

Metabolic Tolerance | Drug Disposition Tolerance

Question 4

Characteristics of Tolerance

Answer 4

• Reversible when drug use stops.
• Dependent on dose and frequency of drug use and the drug-taking environment.
• May occur rapidly, after long periods of chronic use, or never.
• Not all effects of a drug show the same degree of tolerance.
• Several different mechanisms explain multiple forms of tolerance

Question 5

Development of tolerance to one drug can diminish effectiveness of a second drug. Serves as basis for number of drug interactions.

Answer 5

Cross Tolerance

Question 6

Diminished response to drug after repeated exposure. Not all biobehavioral effects demonstrate it equally; morphine-induced nausea may decline but constipating effects do not. Sometimes uneven development is beneficial (for side effects but not therapeutic ones).

Answer 6

Drug Tolerance

Question 7

Physiological State in which body adapts to chronic presence of drug and elicits drug-specific withdrawal syndrome if drug is abruptly stopped or dosage reduced.

Answer 7

Physical Dependence

Question 8

Enhancement of particular drug effects after repeated administration of same dose of drug. Dependent on dose, intervals between treatments, and drug-taking environment. Unlike tolerance, this effect is not readily reversible, and it persists for long periods of abstinence caused by long-term physiological changes to cells. Sometimes called __ __.

Answer 8

Sensitization | Reverse Tolerance

Question 9

Tasks learned under influence of psychoactive drug may be performed better in drugged state. Learning in non-drugged state may be more available in non-drugged state.

Answer 9

State Dependent Learning