3. Neurodevelopment 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the concept of bipotential? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

During prenatal development, male and female anatomy is the same

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2
Q

What does the males SRY gene cause? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Primitive glands develop
  • Testosterone produced
  • Development of wolffian ducts to develop into seminal vesicles and vas deferens
  • Mullerian inhibiting hormore released (degeneration of the mullerian ducts/potential ovaries)
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3
Q

What do gonadal hormones do for males and females? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Males = increase androgen, decrease estrogen

- Females = decrease androgen, increase estrogen

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4
Q

What is the role of androgen in sex assignment? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Determines the masculinisation of the fetus

- Associated with sexual desire

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5
Q

What are the two effects of sex hormones and when do they occur? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Organising effects (shortly after birth & just before puberty)
  • Activating effects (any point across life)
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6
Q

What behaviour did female rats show when injected with testosterone after birth? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

Male typical behaviors e.g. mounting from behind

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7
Q

What neurons develop later in life? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Olfactory bulb

- Hippocampus

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8
Q

What does a closed head injury refer to? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

Sharp blow to the head that does not puncture the brain

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9
Q

What does a stroke/cerebrovascular accident refer to? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

Temporary loss of blood flow to the brain due to a blockage or hemorrhage (aneurysm)

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10
Q

What does recovery from brain injury involve? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

Collateral sprouting

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11
Q

What is collateral sprouting? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

Cells secreting neurotrophins to all new branches of existing neurons in the brain

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12
Q

What does plasticity in the brain refer to? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

The brain constantly changing based on experience

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13
Q

Why does plasticity n the brain occur? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

Because the brain continuously forms new synapses and prune others

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14
Q

What is the ‘use it of lose it’ principle? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

Synapses that are activated are maintained and strengthened, those that aren’t are eliminated

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15
Q

What did Rosenzweig & Bennet (1980) find? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Rats raised in enhanced environments, instead of a laboratory, developed a thicker cortex and had increased dendrite branching
  • Increased dendrite branching was correlated with the ability to learn
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16
Q

What were Burton et al (2002) procedures and findings? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Asked good sighted and blind P’s to read braille letters and state if the items were the same or different
  • Blind P’s performed significantly better
17
Q

What is the difference in fMRI scans when reading braille between good sighted and blind participants? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A

Blind patients had substantially more activity in the occipital cortex

18
Q

Who studied imprinting and what is it evidence for? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Lorenz (1930)

- Critical period

19
Q

What is an antisaccade task and what does it show? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Assesses the brains ability to inhibit visual reflexes

- Improves over time

20
Q

What are the two age related memory impairment disorders? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Alzheimer disease

- Age associated memory impairment

21
Q

What are the characteristics of Alzheimers? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Severe and rapid dementia

- Genetic component

22
Q

What are the characteristics of age-associated memory impairment? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Low levels of severity in cognitive decline

- Widely seen in the general population

23
Q

What do age related memory impairment patients have no deficits in? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Implicit memory tasks
  • Short term memory tasks
  • Recognition memory tasks
24
Q

What do age related memory impairment patients have deficits in? (Neurodevelopment 2 B&B)

A
  • Free/cued recall
  • Retrospective data
  • Prospective memory tasks
  • Working memory tasks