19. Depression Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What type of disorder is depression? (Depression B&B)

A

An affective disorder

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2
Q

What is anhedonia? (Depression B&B)

A

The inability to feel pleasure in previously pleasurable activities

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3
Q

How is a major depressive episode characterised? (Depression B&B)

A

Depressed mood and/or anhedonia plus at least 5 more symptoms, lasting almost every day for two weeks

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4
Q

What are the 8 symptoms associated with depression? (Depression B&B)

A
  • Body weight changes
  • Sleep changes
  • Motor retardation
  • Loss of energy
  • Worthlessness
  • Guilt
  • Inability to concentrate
  • Suicidal thoughts
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5
Q

What is the heritability rate of depression if relatives have it? (Depression B&B)

A

2/3 times more likely

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6
Q

What does the monoamine hypothesis suggest about depression? (Depression B&B)

A

Symptoms are caused by insufficient activity of the monoaminergic neurons

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7
Q

What are two types of monoamines? (Depression B&B)

A
  • Norepinephrine

- Epinephrine

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8
Q

What is a monoamine? (Depression B&B)

A

Basic neurotransmitter

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9
Q

What is norepinephrine associated with? (Depression B&B)

A

noradrenaline

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10
Q

What is epinephrine associated with? (Depression B&B)

A

Adrenaline

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11
Q

What did Asberg et al (1976) find? (Depression B&B)

A

Lower levels of 5-HT metabolite 5-HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients

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12
Q

What is reserpine and why was it so influential? (Depression B&B)

A
  • Used to treat blood pressure in mid 20th century
  • Side effects were depression
  • It blocked the packaging of monoamines (when neuron activated, firing was inhibited)
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13
Q

How do monamine oxidise inhibitors work? (Depression B&B)

A

They inhibit the breakdown of monoamines in the presynaptic terminal, increasing the proportion of monamines that are taken into the vesicle

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14
Q

What are side effects of monoamine oxidise inhibitors? (Depression B&B)

A
  • Cheese effect (increased tyramine stored in liver)

- Only acceptable is P’s were on a strict no cheese diet

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15
Q

How do tricyclic antidepressants work? (Depression B&B)

A

Inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT and noradrenaline

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16
Q

How do SSRI’s work? (Depression B&B)

A

Selective in blocking the reuptake of serotonin (increasing availability at the synaptic cleft)

17
Q

What does the stress diathesis model suggest? (Depression B&B)

A

Those who suffer from depression experience serve stress from the environment

18
Q

What did Bremner (2000) find in evidence for the DSM? (Depression B&B)

A

Depressed patients have reduced hippocampal volume

19
Q

What did Sheline (2003) find in relation to DSM? (Depression B&B)

A

There is a negative correlation between the days of untreated depression and hippocampal volume

20
Q

What axis of the brain is most relatable to stress and depression? (Depression B&B)

A

Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis

21
Q

What is the process of HPA activation during stress? (Depression B&B)

A
  • Stressor in environment
  • Hypothalamus activated
  • Hypothalamus releases CRH
  • Anterior pituitary gland activated
  • Release of ATCH
  • Adrenal cortex stimulated
  • Release of cortisol
22
Q

What happens in situations of chronic stress? (Depression B&B)

A

Chronic activation of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus

23
Q

What does chronic activation of glucocorticoid receptors lead to? (Depression B&B)

A
  • Increase Ca2+ entry to neurons

- Too much = excitotoxic (neurons damaged and killed)

24
Q

How is chronic activation of glucocorticoid receptors related to depression? (Depression B&B)

A

Hippocampus cannot feedback to limit cortisol production

25
Q

What is neurogenesis and how is it related to treatment? (Depression B&B)

A
  • Development of new neurons or cells

- Treatments induce neurogenesis

26
Q

What are neurotrophins important for? (Depression B&B)

A

The normal developmen of a healthy nervous system

27
Q

What did Capsi et al (2003) test? (Depression B&B)

A

Why stressful experiences lead to depression in some individuals but not others

28
Q

What were the main findings by Capsi et al (2003)? (Depression B&B)

A
  • Those with short/short allele held the highest correlation between stressful events and depression
  • Those with the long/long allele held the lowest correlation
29
Q

What did Lee et al (2004) find? (Depression B&B)

A

Patients with long/long allele had better long term outcomes from antidepressants that short/long or short/short patients