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2 - Brain and behaviour > 11. Glutamate to LTP > Flashcards

11. Glutamate to LTP Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is LTP? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Long term potentiation

- A phenomena that explains memory at the synaptic level, through synaptic strengthening

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2
Q

Where is declarative memory stored and what is it involved in? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Medial temporal lobe

- Facts and major life events

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3
Q

What two concepts are associated with non-declarative memory? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Procedural memory

- Classical conditioning

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4
Q

Where is procedural memories stored and what is it involved in? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Striatum

- Skills and habits

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5
Q

Where is classical conditioning memories and what is it involved in? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Amygdala

- Emotional responses

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6
Q

What did Hebb (1949) suggest and what did he mean by it? (LTP B&B)

A
  • ‘Cells that fire together, wire together’

- Strengthening and weakening the synaptic connections in the brain provides a platform for learning and memories

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7
Q

What is the main part of the brain involved in LTP? (LTP B&B)

A

Hippocampus

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8
Q

What are the three types of LTP? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Temporal LTP
  • Associative LTP
  • Specific LTP
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9
Q

How is LTP induced temporally? (LTP B&B)

A

Summation of inputs reaches a stimulation threshold that will induce LTP

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10
Q

How is LTP induced associatively? (LTP B&B)

A

Simultaneous stimulation of a strong and weak pathway will induce LTP at both pathways

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11
Q

How is LTP induced specifically? (LTP B&B)

A

LTP at any one synapse is not propagated to adjacent synapses

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12
Q

How is the Morris water maze performed? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Small platform slightly below water level
  • Rat eventually finds the platform and learns the location
  • Each time they are put back in the water they swim to the learnt spot of the platform
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13
Q

What happens if the platform is removed in the Morris water maze? (LTP B&B)

A

The rat spends the majority of time swimming in the area where the platform was before

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14
Q

What happens when the rats hippocampus is removed and then they perform the Morris water maze? (LTP B&B)

A
  • No spacial memory created

- Memory of the platform is non existent

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15
Q

What are the parameters for the Morris water maze? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Escape latency (training)
  • Time in the quadrant (probe trial)
  • Annulus crossing (probe trial)
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16
Q

How can memory in the Morris water maze and LTP be impaired artificially? (LTP B&B)

A

NMDA antagonist (AP5)

17
Q

What is the process of glutamate being released onto an inactive cell? (LTP B&B)

A
  • AMPA receptors activated to create EPSP
  • NMDA receptor blocked by Mg2+
  • Depolarisation from AMPA activation is not enough to expel Mg2+
18
Q

What is the process of glutamate being released onto an active cell? (LTP B&B)

A
  • AMPA receptor activated
  • Mg2+ blocks NMDA receptor
  • Na+ moves through AMPA and NMDA channels
  • Ca2+ through NMDA channels
19
Q

What does Ca2+ entry through NMDA receptors lead to? (LTP B&B)

A

Activation of calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMkII)

20
Q

What does the CaMkII modular switch do? (LTP B&B)

A

Sustains activity after repolarisation

21
Q

What is the process of the CaMkII modular switch? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Ca2+ enters through NDMA receptors
  • CaMkII activated
  • CaMkII is autocatalytic
  • Phosphorylation leads to Ca2+ not required
  • Phosphorylation is sustained after depolarisation stimulus is removed
  • Modular switch maintains increased excitation in the neuron
22
Q

What is meant by CaMkII having autocatalytic activity? (LTP B&B)

A

It becomes phosphorylated (remains open/active)

23
Q

What is the process of LTP through retrograde transmitters? (LTP B&B)

A
  • Ca2+ through NMDA channels
  • Nitric oxidise synthesis activated
  • Nitric oxidise diffuses from site of production
  • Activates guanylyl cyclase (presynaptic)
  • Guanylyl cyclase produces second messenger (CGMP)
  • Signgnalling transduction cascade leads to increased glutamate
24
Q

How is early phase LTP explained? (LTP B&B)

A

Actions of Ca2+ through NMDA receptors and enhancement of AMPA receptor efficiency presynaptically

25
Q

How is late phase LTP explained? (LTP B&B)

A

Ca2+ activates signal transduction cascades which activates protein synthesis and signals to the cell body

26
Q

What is the opposite of LTP? (LTP B&B)

A

Long term depression

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