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2 - Brain and behaviour > 2. Neurodevelopment across life > Flashcards

2. Neurodevelopment across life Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What are the three prenatal stages? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Germinal stage
  • Embryonic stage
  • Fetal stage
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2
Q

At what age is the germinal stage? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

1-2 weeks

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3
Q

At what age is the embryonic stage? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

3-8 weeks

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4
Q

At what age is the fetal stage? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

9-38 weeks

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5
Q

What happens in the germinal stage? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Egg and sperm nuclei fuse to form zygote
  • Zygote divides through cleavage process to form morula
  • Morula divide to form blastocyst
  • Implantation to the uterus
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6
Q

What happens at the embryonic stage? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Cell development forms three stages layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
  • Ectoderm folds to form neural tube (eventually becomes CNS)
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7
Q

What happens at the fetal stage? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Fertilization occurs and the embryo becomes a fetus

- Structures grow and develop

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8
Q

What are the 6 processes of neurodevelopment? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Cell birth/proliferation
  • Migration
  • Differentiation/maturation
  • Synaptogenesis
  • Cell death/synaptic pruning
  • Myelination
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9
Q

What is the process of cell birth/proliferation? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Neural tube lined with stem cells
  • Inner stem cells form progenitor cells (neuroblast or glioblast)
  • New cells mitigate out of the ventricular zone
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10
Q

What is the process of migration? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Primitive neurons express genes allowing them to become a particular cell
  • They form an axon and dendrites (allowing them to take shape)
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11
Q

What is the process of differentiation/maturation? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Dendritic development (branching and spinal growth)

- Immature cells (stem cells) acquire characteristics of implantation region

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12
Q

What is the process of synaptogenesis? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Begins after neurons have differentiated
  • Growing end of the axon is the growth cone
  • Growth cone develops extensions called filopodia
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13
Q

What is the process of cell death/synaptic pruning? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Proteins secreted by target cells promote survival (survival signals)
  • No survival signal = cell death (apoptosis)
  • To avoid apoptosis, neurotrophins and active communication is needed
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14
Q

What is the process of myelination? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

Speeds up transition of neuronal impulses

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15
Q

What does a neuroblast form? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

Neurons

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16
Q

What does a glioblast form? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

Glia

17
Q

What is synaptogenesis? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

Formation of synapses between neurons

18
Q

What is synaptic pruning? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

New connections forming between neurons and discarding old ones

19
Q

What is apoptosis? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

Cell death

20
Q

What is myelination? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

Process where glia produce a fatty sheath that covers the axons of neurons

21
Q

What is spinal bifida? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A

The failure to close the neural fold at the level of the spinal cord, which can lead to paralysis or limb deformities

22
Q

What are the characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Brain abnormalities
  • Mental retardation
  • Facial abnormalities
23
Q

What are the causes of fetal alcohol syndrome? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Alcohol consumption through pregnancy
  • Alcohol interferes with proliferation, migration and differentiation
  • Enhances apoptosis
24
Q

What can cause schizophrenic symptoms in the offspring during pregnancy? (Neurodevelopment B&B)

A
  • Activation of the mothers immune system
  • Prenatal maturation
  • Substance abuse
  • Complications i.e. anoxia

2 - Brain and behaviour (19 decks)

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