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2 - Brain and behaviour > 20. Addiction > Flashcards

20. Addiction Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is a drug? (Addiction B&B)

A

A substance that can have an effect on a biological system

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2
Q

What is an exogenous substance? (Addiction B&B)

A

Brought in from the environment and introduced to the body e.g. cocaine

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3
Q

What is an endogenous substance? (Addiction B&B)

A

Those that the body/brain produces on its own e.g. cholesterol

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4
Q

What is pharmacokinetics? (Addiction B&B)

A

To do with the notion of the travelling of a substance in the body and what the body does with it before reaching the target

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5
Q

What is pharmacodynamics? (Addiction B&B)

A

To do with what the drug does to the body once it has reached its target

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6
Q

What does the DSM1V highlight? (Addiction B&B)

A

The distinction between substance abuse and substance dependency

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7
Q

What does the DSM5 highlight? (Addiction B&B)

A

Addiction to be on a continuum

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8
Q

What are the four criteria the DSM5 uses to diagnose addiction? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Impaired control
  • Social impairment
  • Risky use
  • Tolerance
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9
Q

In what four ways is impaired control defined? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Large amounts for prolonged time period
  • Persistent desire to cut down
  • Effort to obtain the substance
  • Cravings at any time
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10
Q

In what 3 ways is social impairment defined? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Failure to fulfill social obligations
  • Continuation of use despite social issues
  • Withdraw from activities
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11
Q

In what two ways is risky use defined? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Physically hazardous e.g. while driving

- Continuation of use despite knowledge of physical or social problem

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12
Q

How is tolerance defined? (Addiction B&B)

A

The need to increase dose to gain the desired effects

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13
Q

According to DSM5 how many symptoms should be present for a mild/moderate/severe diagnosis? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Mild = 2-3
  • Moderate = 4-5
  • Severe = 6+
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14
Q

What system is critical for reward and reinforcement and how does it work? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

- Dopamine neurons project from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens and PFC

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15
Q

What is an example of natural reinforcers and what do they do? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Food/sex

- Increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

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16
Q

How does cocaine directly increase dopamine? (Addiction B&B)

A

Increases availability at the synapse by blocking dopamine transporters

17
Q

How does nicotine directly increase dopamine? (Addiction B&B)

A

Excitates ventral tegmental area receptors by action at the nicotine receptors

18
Q

How do opiods indirectly increase dopamine? (Addiction B&B)

A

Action at the opoid receptors indirectly lead to modulation of ventral tegmental area activity

19
Q

How does associative learning impact addiction? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Sensory information can lead to coincidental firing
  • LTP induced
  • Rewards are associated with cues
20
Q

How is dopamine and LTP linked? (Addiction B&B)

A

Dopamine enhances LTP and synaptic remodeling lead to modular/cellular changes = memories created

21
Q

What have PET scans shown from cocaine addicts? (Addiction B&B)

A

Reduced activity in the frontal lobes

22
Q

What is needed for drugs to have a rewarding effect? (Addiction B&B)

A

Mesocorticolimbic pathway

23
Q

What is alcohol? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • GABA-A agonist (inhibitory)

- NMDA antagonist (blocks excitation)

24
Q

How does alcohol increase dopamine? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Suppression of cortical output

- No activation of GABA interneuron

25
Q

What effects does naltrexone have on alcohol usage? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Opiate antagonist

- Reduces alcohol self administration

26
Q

How can impulsivity be measured? (Addiction B&B)

A

Matching familiar figures test (what one of these 10 best matches this one)

27
Q

What does the familiar figures test show? (Addiction B&B)

A
  • Impulsive responses = fast responses but many errors

- Reflective responses = slow responses but few errors

2 - Brain and behaviour (19 decks)

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