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PHA 500 > 3. Lungs + Diaphragm > Flashcards

3. Lungs + Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic Cavity (definition)

A

Region enclosed by thoracic wall

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2
Q

Pleurae (Pleura)

A

Serous sacs lining the lungs

Parietal + Visceral = continuous

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3
Q

Pleural Reflection

A

fold at root of lung where visceral and parietal layers overlap

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4
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

lines surfaces of the lung

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5
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lines walls of the thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Visceral Pleura Innervation

A

Visceral Sensory

NO somatic sensory

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7
Q

Parietal Pleura Innervation

A

Somatic Sensory

Intercostal nerves
Phrenic nerves

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8
Q

Pleuritis (Pleurisy)

A

Inflammation of the pleura

Leads to adhesions

Acute pain with elevated activity

Auscultation sign: like rubbing a collection of hair together

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9
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

Potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae

R and L cavities are independent

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10
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Lubricating fluid in pleural cavities

Creates surface tension between layers – allows lungs to travel with the thorax

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11
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Fluid in the pleural cavity

Reduce the volume of the cavity – reduce are lungs have to inflate

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12
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in pleural cavity

Reduce the volume of the cavity – reduce are lungs have to inflate

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13
Q

Hemothorax

A

Blood in pleural cavity

Reduce the volume of the cavity – reduce are lungs have to inflate

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14
Q

Costodiaphragmatic Recesses

A

Inferolateral recesses within the pleural cavities

Area:
Dec w/ inspiration
Inc w/ expiration

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15
Q

Thoracentesis (steps)

A
  1. Intercostal nerve block
  2. Needle into intercostal space through parietal pleura
  3. Drain excess fluid/blood out of pleural cavity
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16
Q

Lungs

A

Organ of respiration (gas exchange)

Darken over time with exposure to particles in the air

Light and elastic

Asymmetric

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17
Q

Root (Hilum)

A

Collection of structures entering/exiting lung

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18
Q

Look and Label Lung

A 
Root
Apex
Base
Lobes
Fissures
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19
Q

Right Lung (structures)

A

3 Lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

2 Fissures (horizontal, oblique)

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20
Q

Left Lung (structures)

A

2 Lobes (superior, inferior)

1 Fissure (Oblique)

Cardiac notch

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21
Q

Trachea

A

Inferior to larynx

C shaped hyaline cartilage

Bifurcates at sternal angle (T4,T5)

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22
Q

Carina

A

Ridge of cartilage at the bifurcation of the trachea into the R and L main bronchi

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23
Q

Main Bronchi

A

R and L

Extrapulmonary

C shaped cartilages

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24
Q

Right Main Bronchi

A

Wider, shorter, more vertical

More likely to get things stuck in R side

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25
Q

Bronchial Tree

A

Trachea - Main Bronchi - Lobar Bronchi - Segmental Bronchi

26
Q

Lobar Bronchi

A

Interpulmonary

3 R (superior, middle, inferior)

2 L (superior, inferior)

27
Q

Segmental Bronchi

A

Correspond with specific bronchopulmonary segment

28
Q

Bronchopulmonary Segments

A

10 per lung

Area of lung supplied by segmental bronchus and segmental branch of pulmonary artery

Functionally independent

Separated by connective tissue septa

Pulmonary veins lie in CT between adjacent segments = intersegmental

29
Q

Pulmonary Arteries and Veins

A

A: oxygen poor blood from heart

V oxygen rich blood to heart

30
Q

Pulmonary Arteries (blood flow)

A

R Ventricle of Heart - Pulmonary Trunk - R/L Pulmonary Arteries - Lobar Arteries - Segmental Arteries - Lungs for oxygenation

Lobar and segmental arteries run parallel with bronchi

31
Q

Pulmonary Veins (blood flow)

A

Oxygen rich blood from Lungs - 2 Pulmonary Veins - Left Atrium of Heart

Veins lie in the intersegmental CT separating bronchopulmonary segments

32
Q

Bronchial Arteries

A

Most branch off thoracic aorta

Carry oxygen rich blood to lung tissues - local blood supply

33
Q

Bronchial Veins

A

Return oxygen poor blood from lung tissues to

  • Azygos system
  • Intercostal veins

Local blood supply

34
Q

Structures of Lung Root

A

Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Bronchus

35
Q

Innervation of Lungs

A

All organs innervated by autonomic nervous system

Via pulmonary plexuses (vagus nerves, pulmonary nerves)

36
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation of Lungs

A

Bronchoconstriction of smooth muscle of bronchial tree

Don’t need as much air coming through for rest and digest

37
Q

Sympathetic Innervation of Lungs

A

Bronchodilation of smooth muscle of bronchial tree

Need lots of air to oxygenate blood rapidly so we can run away

38
Q

Vagus Nerves

A

CN X

Parasympathetic

Achieve bronchoconstriction of smooth muscle in bronchial tree

39
Q

Vagus Nerve (pathway)

A

Preganglionic cell bodies in brain

Preganglionic fibers constitute vagus nerve

Postganglionic cell bodies in wall of target organ (lung)

Postganglionic fibers in wall of target organ (lung)

40
Q

Sympathetic Innervation

A

Achieve bronchodilation of smooth muscle of bronchial tree

Pulmonary nerves

41
Q

Sympathetic Innervation (pathway)

A

Preganglionic cell bodies in lateral horn of T spinal cord

Preganglionic fibers travel: ventral root - spinal nerve - ventral ramus - white ramus communicans - sympathetic trunk

Postganglionic cell bodies in upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia

Postganglionic fibers (pulmonary nerves) travel from paravertebral ganglia to lungs

42
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

Skeletal muscle + C shaped central tendon

43
Q

Diaphragm (structure)

A

2 Domes

R: sits higher than L because liver

L: normally shows gas bubble from stomach

Heart sits right on top of the diaphragm (pericardium attached to diaphragm)

44
Q

Diaphragm (attachments)

A

Xiphoid Process
Costal Margin
Ribs 11-12
Lumbar Vertebrae (R+L crura)

45
Q

Caval Opening

A

Diaphragm opening at T8

Through central tendon for inferior vena cava

46
Q

Esophageal Hiatus

A

Diaphragm opening at T10

For esophagus and CN X

47
Q

Aortic Hiatus

A

Diaphragm opening at T12

For aorta, thoracic duct (lymph vessel) and azygos vein

48
Q

I ate 10 eggs at 12

A

I ate: IVC at T8
10 eggs: esophageal at T10
At 12: Aortic at T12

49
Q

Diaphragm (Sensory Innervation)

A

Somatic Innervation

Primarily Phrenic nerves

Peripherally Intercostal nerves

50
Q

Diaphragm (Motor Innervation)

A

Phrenic Nerves

Independently innervate L and R domes

51
Q

C3, 4 and 5 keep the diaphragm alive

A

what does this mean

52
Q

Diaphragm

A

Primary muscle of inspiration

Contraction - domes flatten - increased vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

Relaxes during expiration - domes rise

53
Q

Look and Label Lesion of Phrenic Nerve

A

Normal Paralysis

54
Q

Movement of Thorax (Inspiration)

A

Thoracic pressure < atmospheric pressure

Increased volume

55
Q

Movement of Thorax (Expiration)

A

Thoracic pressure > atmospheric pressure

Decreased volume

56
Q

Inspiration (muscle)

A

Contracted diaphragm (flattened)

Contracted rib elevators (expand thoracic cavity transversely, anteroposteriorly)

57
Q

Forceful Inspiration

A

Pectoral muscles recruited

58
Q

Expiration (muscle)

A

Diaphragm relaxes

Elastic recoil of lungs

59
Q

Forceful Expiration

A

Abdominal muscles recruited

60
Q

Diaphragm (Sensory Innervation)

A

PHA 500 (11 decks)

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