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PHA 500 > 3. Lungs + Diaphragm > Flashcards

3. Lungs + Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic Cavity (definition)

A

Region enclosed by thoracic wall

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2
Q

Pleurae (Pleura)

A

Serous sacs lining the lungs

Parietal + Visceral = continuous

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3
Q

Pleural Reflection

A

fold at root of lung where visceral and parietal layers overlap

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4
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

lines surfaces of the lung

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5
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lines walls of the thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Visceral Pleura Innervation

A

Visceral Sensory

NO somatic sensory

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7
Q

Parietal Pleura Innervation

A

Somatic Sensory

Intercostal nerves
Phrenic nerves

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8
Q

Pleuritis (Pleurisy)

A

Inflammation of the pleura

Leads to adhesions

Acute pain with elevated activity

Auscultation sign: like rubbing a collection of hair together

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9
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

Potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae

R and L cavities are independent

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10
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Lubricating fluid in pleural cavities

Creates surface tension between layers – allows lungs to travel with the thorax

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11
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Fluid in the pleural cavity

Reduce the volume of the cavity – reduce are lungs have to inflate

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12
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in pleural cavity

Reduce the volume of the cavity – reduce are lungs have to inflate

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13
Q

Hemothorax

A

Blood in pleural cavity

Reduce the volume of the cavity – reduce are lungs have to inflate

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14
Q

Costodiaphragmatic Recesses

A

Inferolateral recesses within the pleural cavities

Area:
Dec w/ inspiration
Inc w/ expiration

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15
Q

Thoracentesis (steps)

A
  1. Intercostal nerve block
  2. Needle into intercostal space through parietal pleura
  3. Drain excess fluid/blood out of pleural cavity
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16
Q

Lungs

A

Organ of respiration (gas exchange)

Darken over time with exposure to particles in the air

Light and elastic

Asymmetric

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17
Q

Root (Hilum)

A

Collection of structures entering/exiting lung

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18
Q

Look and Label Lung

A 
Root
Apex
Base
Lobes
Fissures
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19
Q

Right Lung (structures)

A

3 Lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

2 Fissures (horizontal, oblique)

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20
Q

Left Lung (structures)

A

2 Lobes (superior, inferior)

1 Fissure (Oblique)

Cardiac notch

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21
Q

Trachea

A

Inferior to larynx

C shaped hyaline cartilage

Bifurcates at sternal angle (T4,T5)

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22
Q

Carina

A

Ridge of cartilage at the bifurcation of the trachea into the R and L main bronchi

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23
Q

Main Bronchi

A

R and L

Extrapulmonary

C shaped cartilages

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24
Q

Right Main Bronchi

A

Wider, shorter, more vertical

More likely to get things stuck in R side

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25
Bronchial Tree
Trachea - Main Bronchi - Lobar Bronchi - Segmental Bronchi
26
Lobar Bronchi
Interpulmonary 3 R (superior, middle, inferior) 2 L (superior, inferior)
27
Segmental Bronchi
Correspond with specific bronchopulmonary segment
28
Bronchopulmonary Segments
10 per lung Area of lung supplied by segmental bronchus and segmental branch of pulmonary artery Functionally independent Separated by connective tissue septa Pulmonary veins lie in CT between adjacent segments = intersegmental
29
Pulmonary Arteries and Veins
A: oxygen poor blood from heart V oxygen rich blood to heart
30
Pulmonary Arteries (blood flow)
R Ventricle of Heart - Pulmonary Trunk - R/L Pulmonary Arteries - Lobar Arteries - Segmental Arteries - Lungs for oxygenation *Lobar and segmental arteries run parallel with bronchi*
31
Pulmonary Veins (blood flow)
Oxygen rich blood from Lungs - 2 Pulmonary Veins - Left Atrium of Heart *Veins lie in the intersegmental CT separating bronchopulmonary segments*
32
Bronchial Arteries
Most branch off thoracic aorta Carry oxygen rich blood to lung tissues - local blood supply
33
Bronchial Veins
Return oxygen poor blood from lung tissues to - Azygos system - Intercostal veins Local blood supply
34
Structures of Lung Root
Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Bronchus
35
Innervation of Lungs
All organs innervated by autonomic nervous system Via pulmonary plexuses (vagus nerves, pulmonary nerves)
36
Parasympathetic Innervation of Lungs
Bronchoconstriction of smooth muscle of bronchial tree Don't need as much air coming through for rest and digest
37
Sympathetic Innervation of Lungs
Bronchodilation of smooth muscle of bronchial tree Need lots of air to oxygenate blood rapidly so we can run away
38
Vagus Nerves
CN X Parasympathetic Achieve bronchoconstriction of smooth muscle in bronchial tree
39
Vagus Nerve (pathway)
Preganglionic cell bodies in brain Preganglionic fibers constitute vagus nerve Postganglionic cell bodies in wall of target organ (lung) Postganglionic fibers in wall of target organ (lung)
40
Sympathetic Innervation
Achieve bronchodilation of smooth muscle of bronchial tree Pulmonary nerves
41
Sympathetic Innervation (pathway)
Preganglionic cell bodies in lateral horn of T spinal cord Preganglionic fibers travel: ventral root - spinal nerve - ventral ramus - white ramus communicans - sympathetic trunk Postganglionic cell bodies in upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia Postganglionic fibers (pulmonary nerves) travel from paravertebral ganglia to lungs
42
Diaphragm
Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities Skeletal muscle + C shaped central tendon
43
Diaphragm (structure)
2 Domes R: sits higher than L because liver L: normally shows gas bubble from stomach Heart sits right on top of the diaphragm (pericardium attached to diaphragm)
44
Diaphragm (attachments)
Xiphoid Process Costal Margin Ribs 11-12 Lumbar Vertebrae (R+L crura)
45
Caval Opening
Diaphragm opening at T8 Through central tendon for inferior vena cava
46
Esophageal Hiatus
Diaphragm opening at T10 For esophagus and CN X
47
Aortic Hiatus
Diaphragm opening at T12 For aorta, thoracic duct (lymph vessel) and azygos vein
48
I ate 10 eggs at 12
I ate: IVC at T8 10 eggs: esophageal at T10 At 12: Aortic at T12
49
Diaphragm (Sensory Innervation)
Somatic Innervation Primarily Phrenic nerves Peripherally Intercostal nerves
50
Diaphragm (Motor Innervation)
Phrenic Nerves Independently innervate L and R domes
51
C3, 4 and 5 keep the diaphragm alive
what does this mean
52
Diaphragm
Primary muscle of inspiration Contraction - domes flatten - increased vertical dimension of thoracic cavity Relaxes during expiration - domes rise
53
Look and Label Lesion of Phrenic Nerve
Normal Paralysis
54
Movement of Thorax (Inspiration)
Thoracic pressure < atmospheric pressure Increased volume
55
Movement of Thorax (Expiration)
Thoracic pressure > atmospheric pressure Decreased volume
56
Inspiration (muscle)
Contracted diaphragm (flattened) Contracted rib elevators (expand thoracic cavity transversely, anteroposteriorly)
57
Forceful Inspiration
Pectoral muscles recruited
58
Expiration (muscle)
Diaphragm relaxes Elastic recoil of lungs
59
Forceful Expiration
Abdominal muscles recruited
60
Diaphragm (Sensory Innervation)
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PHA 500 (11 decks)

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