3 Liberal key thinkers

Question 1

Locke’s main ideas - classic lib

main work

Answer 1

• Two Treatises of Government 1689

Question 2

Locke’s main ideas - classic lib

how was the state created according to Locke?

Answer 2

• not by God
• a social contract between the rulers
• also discredits the ‘divine right ofk ings;

Question 3

Locke’s main ideas - classic lib

how did humans exist prior to the state?

Answer 3

• in a ‘state of nature’ underpinned by natural laws and rights. The state must not enroach on these ideas.

Question 4

Locke’s main ideas - classic lib

how did Locke define natural rights?

Answer 4

‘life, liberty, and estate’
natural rights are not to be enroached upon.
- connected to the idea of negative freedom

Question 5

Locke’s main ideas - classic lib

what was Locke’s ‘state of law’

Answer 5

• he envisaged the state resolving disputes more equally betewen individuals than in the a state of nature

Question 6

Locke’s main ideas - classic lib

states interference should be limited where? How?

Answer 6

• should be limited in society and the economy
• this would ensure the state always represents the interests of the governed and requires ongoing consnet.
• limited under constitutionalism

Question 7

Locke’s main ideas - classic lib

tolerance of what…?

Answer 7

• alternative religous and political views.

Question 8

John Stuart Mill - classic and modern lib

main work

Answer 8

• On Liberty 1859

Question 9

John Stuart Mill - classic and modern lib

how does he see the role of the state

Answer 9

• restrained. Individuals should be free to whatever decisions they judged fit.
• the harm principle

Question 10

John Stuart Mill - classic and modern lib

how did he distinguish between his ‘self regarding’ and ‘other regarding’ actions?

Answer 10

• self regarding: those actions that do harm others (religous worship, freedom of speech)
• other regarding: those actions that clearly do harm or infring the freedom of others (violent or riotous behaviour)

Question 11

John Stuart Mill - classic and modern lib

tolerance?

Answer 11

• of diverse opinions

Question 12

John Stuart Mill - classic and modern lib

what was essential for development of individuals?

Answer 12

• individual liberty
• and if individuals could develop thier individualism, society would benefit

Question 13

John Stuart Mill - classic and modern lib

what was Mill’s view of human nature?

Answer 13

• humans could always improve
• developmental individualism

Question 14

John Stuart Mill - classic and modern lib

what did he oppose (democacy)? in contrast, what did he suggest was better?

Answer 14

• popular democracy
• tyrany of the minority.
• he supported representative democracy with a limited government.

Question 15

John Stuart Mill - classic and modern lib

education? and voting?

Answer 15

• mass education was a means to facilitate developmental individualism so only the educated could vote and those with a higher level of education could have multiple votes

Question 16

John Stuart Mill - classic and modern lib

mills view on government interference? contradicting?

Answer 16

• earlier he said it should have as little intervention as possible
• he later argued the state must help individuals attain developmental individualism by facilitating education
• he saw this as a continuation of classic liberalism, not a contradiction

Question 17

Mary Wollestonecraft’s main ideas - classic

key work

Answer 17

• Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792

Question 18

Mary Wollestonecraft’s main ideas - classic

wollestonecraft views on human nature? how was this ignored/

Answer 18

• positive view
• men and women were equally rational
• this truth was ignored by contemporary state and society as women were denied formal equality

Question 19

Mary Wollestonecraft’s main ideas - classic

equality under the law?

Answer 19

• all citizens should obtain equality under the law + be free from discrimination
• wollestonecraft campaigned for change in the law to give women more rights in terms of employment and proprety ownership + legal freedoms

Question 20

Mary Wollestonecraft’s main ideas - classic

how did she view Locke’s ideas? divine right of kings? social contract? revolutions?

-

Answer 20

• agreed with Locke’s social contract and that the divine right of kings was absurd
• she supported the american and french revolutions

Question 21

Mary Wollestonecraft’s main ideas - classic

main aim?

Answer 21

• for women to be granted access to education

Question 22

Betty Friedan’s main ideas - modern lib

key work

Answer 22

• The Feminine Mystique 1963
• The Second Stage 1983

Question 23

Betty Friedan’s main ideas - modern lib

wollestonecraft and individual freedom?

Answer 23

• individuals should be free to fulfil their potential
• Wollestonecraft argued gender was a serious hinderance to women as they were constantly discriminated against

Question 24

Betty Friedan’s main ideas - modern lib

what were women victims of?

opportunities?

Answer 24

• restricted opportunities because of patriarchal attitudes

Question 25

# Betty Friedan's main ideas - modern lib how was she influenced by classic liberalism? what would it allow women to achieve? | M, M, C

Answer 25

- if the state allowed equality of opportunity - women's individual efforts could achieve the sucesfsful combination of marriage, motherhood, and career

Question 26

# Betty Friedan's main ideas - modern lib How was Friedan influenced by the ideas of modern liberalism? Rawls' ideas? an enabling state?

Answer 26

- like Rawls, she felt an enabling state could facilitate freedom - the state could counter patriarchal oppression and ensure foundational equality/ equality of opportunity in both society and the economy .

Question 27

# John Rawls main ideas main work

Answer 27

*A Theory of Justice* **1971**

Question 28

# John Rawls main ideas - modern lib veil of ignoranc

Answer 28

- everyone would agree to an enabling state (and positive freedom) if they were ignorant of their own circumstances.

Question 29

# John Rawls' main ideas - modern lib what did Rawls' believe about Equality?

Answer 29

- need for social/economic equality - a society must provide equality of opportunity for everyone. The state should take on a larger role iwhtin society funded by progressive taxation