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HAP1 Revision > 3. Integumentary & Skeletal Systems > Flashcards

3. Integumentary & Skeletal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 3 main layers of the skin:

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

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2
Q

Describe the 5 strata of the epidermis:

A 
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
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3
Q

The epidermis is made of ______ tissue and is avascular

A

epithelial

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4
Q

Describe the stratum corneum:

A

dead, flat cells filled with keratin

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5
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum:

A

cells flattening, organelles deteriorating, cytoplasm filled with ‘granules’

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6
Q

Describe the stratum basale:

A

deepest layer of epidermis, stem cells constantly dividing, some newly formed cells pushed upwards to superficial layers. Cells nourished by blood vessels in dermis.

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7
Q

Melanin is made by _________ in the epidermis

A

melanocytes

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8
Q

Describe the role of epidermal dendritic cells:

A

alert and activate immune system cells to bacterial/viral invasion

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9
Q

Merkel cells serve as _______

A

touch receptors

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10
Q

Name the 2 layers of the dermis:

A

papilliary (forms fingerprints)

reticular

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11
Q

Name the appendages of the skin:

A 
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
arrector pili muscle
hair follicles
hair roots
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12
Q

The homeostatic functions of the skin are:

A 
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Absorption
Protection/Immunity
Excretion
Synthesizes vitamin D
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13
Q

Functions of the skeleton:

A 
Protection of organs
Support framework
Allow movement
Storage of minerals (bone) & fat (marrow)
Blood cell formation (marrow cavity)
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14
Q

4 types of bones:

A

long ie. humerus
flat - ie. sternum
irregular - ie. vertebrae
short - ie. talus

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15
Q

Diaphysis:

A

shaft of a long bone

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16
Q

Epiphysis:

A

end of a long bone (proximal or distal)

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17
Q

Periosteum:

A

connective tissue membrane covering the diaphysis

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18
Q

Articular cartilage:

A

covers the external surface of epiphysis
hyaline cartilage
smooth surface that decreases friction at joint

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19
Q

Epiphysial line:

A

seen in adult bones, marks the remnant of the epiphysial plate where bone growth takes place in childhood

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20
Q

Epiphysial plate:

A

flat plate of hyaline cartilage

enables lengthwise growth of a long bone in childhood

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21
Q

Medullary cavity:

A

inner cavity of bone shaft

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22
Q

Endosteum:

A

connective tissue lining of medullary cavity

23
Q

2 types of bone:

A

compact & spongy

24
Q

Osteoblasts:

A

bone-building cells

25
Q

Osteoclasts:

A

bone-destroying cells

break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into blood

26
Q

Osteocytes:

A

mature bone cells

27
Q

Ossification:

A

process of bone formation from cartilage

28
Q

The axial skeleton includes:

A

the skull, vertebral column & thorax

29
Q

The appendicular skeleton includes:

A

the limbs, pectoral (shoulder) girdle & pelvis

30
Q

Carpals, metacarpals & phalanges are found in the _____

A

hand

31
Q

The humerus is found in the _________

A

upper arm

32
Q

The radius & ulna are bones in the ______

A

forearm

33
Q

The ilium, ischium & pubis are bones in the _____

A

pelvis

34
Q

The femur is found in the ______

A

thigh

35
Q

The tibia & fibula are found in the ______

A

leg below knee joint

36
Q

The talus, tarsals, & metatarsals are found in the _____

A

foot

37
Q

The 3 classifications of joints are:

A

fibrous eg. sutures of skull
cartilaginous eg. intervertebral discs
synovial eg. joints in limbs

38
Q

4 features of synovial joints:

A

articular cartilage
articular capsule
joint cavity
reinforcing ligaments

39
Q

Articular cartilage:

A

hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones forming the joint

40
Q

Articular capsule:

A

fibrous connective tissue sleeve enclosing joint surfaces

lined with synovial membrane

41
Q

Joint cavity

A

enclosed space within articular capsule

contains lubricating synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane

42
Q

Reinforcing ligaments

A

reinforce the fibrous layer of the articular capsule

43
Q

Plane joints are:

A

nonaxial - only glide back & forth

eg. intercarpal joints of wrist

44
Q

Hinge joints are:

A

uniaxial - movement around one axis only

eg. elbow joint

45
Q

Pivot joints are:

A

uniaxial - can only turn on long axis

eg. proximal radioulnar joint

46
Q

Condylar joints are:

A

biaxial - movement from side to side & back & forth

eg. knuckle joints

47
Q

Saddle joints are:

A

biaxial - movement from side to side & back & forth

eg. carpometacarpal joints in thumb

48
Q

Ball-and-socket joints are:

A

multiaxial - allow movement in all axes, including rotation

eg. hip, shoulder

49
Q

Vasoconstriction:

A

The reduction of blood vessel diameter to reduce blood flow through the vessel

50
Q

Two types of sweat gland:

A

eccrine - most common, used in thermoregulation

apocrine - less common, in armpits & groin

51
Q

Ligaments:

A

strong connective tissue that joins bone to bone

52
Q

The first carpal and first metacarpal interact as which type of synovial joint?

A

saddle joint

53
Q

Flexion:

A

decreases angle of joint

54
Q

Extension:

A

increases angle of joint

HAP1 Revision (13 decks)

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