3. Integumentary & Skeletal Systems

Question 1

Describe the 3 main layers of the skin:

Answer 1

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

Question 2

Describe the 5 strata of the epidermis:

Answer 2

Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale

Question 3

The epidermis is made of ______ tissue and is avascular

Answer 3

epithelial

Question 4

Describe the stratum corneum:

Answer 4

dead, flat cells filled with keratin

Question 5

Describe the stratum granulosum:

Answer 5

cells flattening, organelles deteriorating, cytoplasm filled with ‘granules’

Question 6

Describe the stratum basale:

Answer 6

deepest layer of epidermis, stem cells constantly dividing, some newly formed cells pushed upwards to superficial layers. Cells nourished by blood vessels in dermis.

Question 7

Melanin is made by _________ in the epidermis

Answer 7

melanocytes

Question 8

Describe the role of epidermal dendritic cells:

Answer 8

alert and activate immune system cells to bacterial/viral invasion

Question 9

Merkel cells serve as _______

Answer 9

touch receptors

Question 10

Name the 2 layers of the dermis:

Answer 10

papilliary (forms fingerprints)

reticular

Question 11

Name the appendages of the skin:

Answer 11

sweat glands
sebaceous glands
arrector pili muscle
hair follicles
hair roots

Question 12

The homeostatic functions of the skin are:

Answer 12

Sensation
Thermoregulation
Absorption
Protection/Immunity
Excretion
Synthesizes vitamin D

Question 13

Functions of the skeleton:

Answer 13

Protection of organs
Support framework
Allow movement
Storage of minerals (bone) & fat (marrow)
Blood cell formation (marrow cavity)

Question 14

4 types of bones:

Answer 14

long ie. humerus
flat - ie. sternum
irregular - ie. vertebrae
short - ie. talus

Question 15

Diaphysis:

Answer 15

shaft of a long bone

Question 16

Epiphysis:

Answer 16

end of a long bone (proximal or distal)

Question 17

Periosteum:

Answer 17

connective tissue membrane covering the diaphysis

Question 18

Articular cartilage:

Answer 18

covers the external surface of epiphysis
hyaline cartilage
smooth surface that decreases friction at joint

Question 19

Epiphysial line:

Answer 19

seen in adult bones, marks the remnant of the epiphysial plate where bone growth takes place in childhood

Question 20

Epiphysial plate:

Answer 20

flat plate of hyaline cartilage

enables lengthwise growth of a long bone in childhood

Question 21

Medullary cavity:

Answer 21

inner cavity of bone shaft

Question 22

Endosteum:

Answer 22

connective tissue lining of medullary cavity

Question 23

2 types of bone:

Answer 23

compact & spongy

Question 24

Osteoblasts:

Answer 24

bone-building cells

Question 25

Osteoclasts:

Answer 25

bone-destroying cells | break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into blood

Question 26

Osteocytes:

Answer 26

mature bone cells

Question 27

Ossification:

Answer 27

process of bone formation from cartilage

Question 28

The axial skeleton includes:

Answer 28

the skull, vertebral column & thorax

Question 29

The appendicular skeleton includes:

Answer 29

the limbs, pectoral (shoulder) girdle & pelvis

Question 30

Carpals, metacarpals & phalanges are found in the _____

Answer 30

hand

Question 31

The humerus is found in the _________

Answer 31

upper arm

Question 32

The radius & ulna are bones in the ______

Answer 32

forearm

Question 33

The ilium, ischium & pubis are bones in the _____

Answer 33

pelvis

Question 34

The femur is found in the ______

Answer 34

thigh

Question 35

The tibia & fibula are found in the ______

Answer 35

leg below knee joint

Question 36

The talus, tarsals, & metatarsals are found in the _____

Answer 36

foot

Question 37

The 3 classifications of joints are:

Answer 37

fibrous eg. sutures of skull cartilaginous eg. intervertebral discs synovial eg. joints in limbs

Question 38

4 features of synovial joints:

Answer 38

articular cartilage articular capsule joint cavity reinforcing ligaments

Question 39

Articular cartilage:

Answer 39

hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones forming the joint

Question 40

Articular capsule:

Answer 40

fibrous connective tissue sleeve enclosing joint surfaces | lined with synovial membrane

Question 41

Joint cavity

Answer 41

enclosed space within articular capsule | contains lubricating synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane

Question 42

Reinforcing ligaments

Answer 42

reinforce the fibrous layer of the articular capsule

Question 43

Plane joints are:

Answer 43

nonaxial - only glide back & forth | eg. intercarpal joints of wrist

Question 44

Hinge joints are:

Answer 44

uniaxial - movement around one axis only | eg. elbow joint

Question 45

Pivot joints are:

Answer 45

uniaxial - can only turn on long axis | eg. proximal radioulnar joint

Question 46

Condylar joints are:

Answer 46

biaxial - movement from side to side & back & forth | eg. knuckle joints

Question 47

Saddle joints are:

Answer 47

biaxial - movement from side to side & back & forth | eg. carpometacarpal joints in thumb

Question 48

Ball-and-socket joints are:

Answer 48

multiaxial - allow movement in all axes, including rotation | eg. hip, shoulder

Question 49

Vasoconstriction:

Answer 49

The reduction of blood vessel diameter to reduce blood flow through the vessel

Question 50

Two types of sweat gland:

Answer 50

eccrine - most common, used in thermoregulation | apocrine - less common, in armpits & groin

Question 51

Ligaments:

Answer 51

strong connective tissue that joins bone to bone

Question 52

The first carpal and first metacarpal interact as which type of synovial joint?

Answer 52

saddle joint

Question 53

Flexion:

Answer 53

decreases angle of joint

Question 54

Extension:

Answer 54

increases angle of joint