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Biology > 3-Infection and response > Flashcards

3-Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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2
Q

How can pathogens be spread?

A

By direct contact, air or water

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3
Q

What are toxins?

A

Poisins produced by bacteria to damage tissues and make us feel ill

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4
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

proteins that are antibodies produced from a single clone of cells to target particular cells or chemicals in the body

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5
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  • Mice lymphocytes stimulated to produce specific antibody
  • Lymphocytes combined with tumour cells to form a hybridoma
    -Hybridoma cells divide to produce a large number of cells that all produce the same antibodies
  • Antibodies collected and purified, which are monoclonal antibodies
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6
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • Pregnancy tests
  • Diagnosis of disease
  • Measuring and monitoring
  • Research
  • Treating disease
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7
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A
  • Bind to HCG made in early stages of pregnancy
  • If present, produces colour change that signals positive result
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8
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used for diagnosis of disease?

A
  • Bind to specific antigens found on pathogens to make it easy for doctors to identify disease
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9
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used for meauring and monitoring?

A
  • Bind to substances in the blood to make them visible to doctors
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10
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies for research?

A
  • Scientists produce monoclonal antibodies bind to flourescent dye
  • That cause a build up of flourescent when binded to desired molecule
  • To locate or identify specific molecules in cells or tissues
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11
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat disease?

A
  • Monoclonal antibody binds to receptor site
  • So growth simulating molecule can no longer bind to cancer cell
  • So cancer cell stops dividing as no stimulus
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12
Q

What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • Only bind to specific diseased or damaged cells so do not harm normal body cells
  • Could be used to treat wide range of conditions
  • Could become cheaper than conventional drugs
  • mouse-human hybrid cells can reduce side effects
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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • Expensive to develop
  • Not yet as widely used or successful as hoped
  • More side effects than expected
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14
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

WBC engulfing pathogens

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15
Q

How do vaccines prevent disease?

A
  • Small amounts of dead or inactive pathogen injected into the body
  • Antigens in vaccine stimulate WBC’s to make antibodies
  • Antibodies destroy antigens without you getting ill
  • Your body remembers the antigen and can rapidly produce the right antibody to destroy it quickly before you become ill, making you immune to future infections
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16
Q

Give an example of two viral diseases in humans.

A
  • Measles
  • HIV
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17
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • fever
  • red skin rash
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18
Q

How is measles spread?

A
  • inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes
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19
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV like?

A
  • flu like symptoms
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20
Q

How is HIV spread?

A
  • sexual contact
  • exchange of bodily fluid e.g blood
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21
Q

Why is HIV so dangerous?

A
  • attacks bodies immune cells
  • AIDS occurs when bodys immune cells so badly damaged they can no longer deal with other infections or cancers
22
Q

Give an example of a plant viral disease.

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

23
Q

Describe and explain the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus.

A
  • Discolouration of leaves in a ‘mosaic’ pattern which affects growth of plant due to lack of chlorophyll therefore lack of photosynthesis
24
Q

Give 2 examples of bacterial diseases.

A
  • Salmonella
  • Gonorrhoea
25
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A
  • abdominal cramps
  • fever
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
26
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A
  • bacteria ingested in food
  • bacteria on food prepared in unhygenic conditions
27
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  • thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis
  • pain on urinating
28
Q

How is gonorrhea treated?

A
  • antibiotic penicillin however many resistant strands
29
Q

How is gonorrhea spread?

A
  • sexual contact
30
Q

How can gonorrhea be controlled?

A
  • antibiotics
  • barrier methods of contraception
31
Q

Give an example of a fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

32
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A
  • black spots on leaves
  • leaves turn yellow
  • leaves drop early
33
Q

How is tobacco mosaic virus spread?

A
  • water
  • wind
34
Q

How is rose black spot treated?

A
  • fungicides
  • removing/destorying infected leaves
35
Q

Give and example of a protist disease and its vector.

A
  • malaria - mosquitos
36
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  • recurring episodes of fever - can be fatal
37
Q

How is the spread of malaria prevented?

A
  • stopping mosquitos breeding
  • usings mosquito nets to prevent being bitten
38
Q

What are humans defence systems?

A
  • nose - fairs block entrance
  • skin - physical barier
  • trachea and bronchi
  • stomach - highly acidic
39
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A
  • cure bacterial diseases
  • by killing infective bacteria
  • specific bacteria should be treated with specific antibiotics
40
Q

How are viral pathogens treated?

A
  • cannot be treated with antibiotics
  • painkillers and other medicines treat symptoms but do not kill pathogens
  • difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging body tissues
41
Q

How were drugs traditionally made?

A
  • Heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves
  • Painkiller aspirin originates from willow
  • Penicillin discovered from penicillum mould by alexander fleming
42
Q

How are new drugs made?

A
  • synthesised by chemists in pharmaceutical industry
  • starting point may still be chemical extracted from plant
43
Q

Describe preclinical trials.

A
  • done in laboratory
  • using cells, tissues and live animals
44
Q

Describe clinical trials

A
  • tested for toxicity, efficiancy, dose
  • very low doses on healthy volunteers
  • if safe, tested on patients
  • to find optimum dose
  • in double blind trials
  • some patients given placebos
45
Q

How can plant diseases be detected?

A
  • Stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • areas of decay
  • growths
  • malformed stems or leaves
  • discolouration
  • presence of pests
46
Q

How can identification of plant diseases happen?

A
  • reference gardening manual or website
  • taking infected plants to labratory to identify pathogen
  • using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibdies
47
Q

What are the symptoms of nitrate ion deficiency?

A
  • stunted growth
  • as nitrates needed for protein synthesis therefore growth
48
Q

What are the symptoms of megnesium ion deficiency?

A
  • Chlorisis
  • magnesium needed to make chlorophyll
  • yellowing of leaves due to lack of chlorophyll
  • lack of photosynthesis causes lack of growth
49
Q

What are the physical plant defences?

A
  • cellulose cell wall
  • tough waxy cuticle on leaves
  • layers of dead cells around stems which fall off (bark on trees)
50
Q

What are chemical plant responses?

A
  • Antibacterial chemicals (witch hazel)
  • poisons to deter herbivores
51
Q

What are the mechanical adaptations?

A
  • thorns and hairs deter aminals
  • leaves droop or curl when touched
  • mimicry to trick animals
52
Q

Describe how aphids cause plant disease.

A
  • sharp piercing mouth parts to reach phloem
  • extract nutrients and sugars from the plant
  • which causes stunted growth

Biology (17 decks)

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