3. Forms of inference

Question 1

Argument Form/Schema

Answer 1

A) The argument broken down to its structure
B) Multiple schemas can represent the same Argument Form
C) There is no unique argument form for Argument
EX:
all F are G, n is F, so n is G
all H are X, m is H, so M is X
A, B, so C

Question 2

Schematic Variables (2)

Answer 2

A) They have no value of their own, empty placeholders
B) Merely indicate precise argument structure
-
N, O, L: Nouns / Ideas, Concepts
n, o, l: Proper Names / Nominative

Question 3

Instantiating Argument Forms/Schemas (Variables)

Answer 3

A) Same schematic variables, same substitutions
B) Not: diff. schematic variables, diff. substitutions

Question 4

Order of the Premises

Answer 4

Not important, can be arranged in any order.

Question 5

Instantiation (2)

Answer 5

A) Argument Form →(Instantiation)→ Concrete Argument
B) There is both valid and invalid instantiations of forms
EX:
A, so B → I walk, so I move (Valid)
A, so B → I move, so I walk (Invalid)
A, so B → I sing, so I’m quiet (Invalid)

Question 6

Valid Argument Form (2)

Answer 6

A) all of its instances are valid
B) none of its instances is invalid

Question 7

Invalid Argument Form (3)

Answer 7

A) Not all of its instances are valid
B) At least one of its instances is invalid
C) This does not mean: none of its instances are valid