3 Cytokines

Question 1

Proteins secreted by cells that mediate the functions of the immune system. Soluble proteins/glycoproteins. Regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response. Necessary for leukocyte activation.

Answer 1

Cytokine

Question 2

Cellular sources of cytokines

Answer 2

1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes/Macrophages
3. Innate and adaptive immune cells
4. Endothelial/epithelial cells

Question 3

The term _____ refers to the fact that many proteins are produced by one immune cell to act on neighboring cells.

Answer 3

Interleukin

Question 4

Cytokine secretion is ____ and self-limited

Answer 4

Brief

Question 5

Cytokine action is pleitropic and _____

Answer 5

Redundant

Question 6

T/F Cytokines influence each other

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Cytokine receptor ligation leads to _____ which alters cellular function

Answer 7

Gene expression

Question 8

The principal mediator of the acute inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacteria, endotoxic shock, and chronic inflammatory conditions. Made mainly by monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, DC cells, and T cells. Stimulates recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, activated T cells.

Answer 8

TNF-alpha

Question 9

Low concentrations of TNF-alpha in blood plasma can be ____. How?

Moderate concentrations can be ____. How?

High concentrations can be ____. How?

Answer 9

Beneficial. Cellular recruitment and activations of macrophages and T cells

Beneficial. Fever, migration of cells out of bone marrow, more acute phase proteins

BAD. Less muscle contractions (hypotension), blood clots (sticky immune cells), depleted glucose from liver

Question 10

Primarily produced by mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils. Shares many same effects of TNF-alpha.

Answer 10

IL-1

Question 11

Primarily produced by macrophages and T cells. Involved with induction of inflammatory response, but primarily induction of acute phase response.

Answer 11

IL-6

Question 12

Primary mediator of innate immune response to intracellular pathogens. Important for generation of adaptive immune response that would be appropriate for intracellular pathogens.

Answer 12

IL-12

Question 13

IL-12 importance for innate immunity is in activation of ____. But IL-12 does NOT _____ _____. Instead it stimulates ____ secretion from leukocytes which does the actual activation.

Answer 13

Macrophages

Activate macrophages

IFN-gamma

Question 14

Macrophages that phagocytose a pathogen can kill the pathogen when they are exposed to _____

Answer 14

IFN-gamma

Question 15

Needed for growth, survival, and differentiation of T cells. Clonal expansion is dependent on this. Produced by T helper cells

Answer 15

IL-2

Question 16

Adaptive immunity most effective against intracellular pathogens is _____ cytokines.

Adaptive immunity most effective against extracellular pathogens is ____ cytokines

Answer 16

Th1 (T helper type 1)

TH2

Question 17

A key Th2 cytokine. Can induce naive Th cells to differentiate into Th2 cells. Primary stimulus for Ig class switching to IgE

Answer 17

IL-4

Question 18

Very similar to IL-4. Primary job is to help induce Ig isotype switching to IgE. Also stimulates mucous production in gut and lung. Can facilitate inflammation by increasing adhesion molecule and chemokine expression.

Answer 18

IL-13

Question 19

Primary job is in eosinophil differentiation, proliferation, and activation. Eosinophils are necessary for protection against parasites.

Answer 19

IL-5

Question 20

An inhibitory cytokine produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, and T helper cells. Primary function is to inhibit IL-12 production by activated macrophages.

Answer 20

IL-10

Question 21

Chemotactic cytokines. Regulate migration of cells to peripheral tissues or lymph nodes

Answer 21

Chemokines

Question 22

Receptors for IL-2, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13 are in this family. Signal via Jak-STAT cascades.

Answer 22

Type 1 Cytokine Receptor

Question 23

Receptors for IFN-gamma and IL-10. Signals via Jak-STAT. Similar to Type I except the extracellular cytokine binding domain differ.

Answer 23

Type II Cytokine Receptors

Question 24

Receptor for TNF-alpha belongs to this family. Multiple signaling cascades can be induced, can lead to transcription factor expression OR apoptosis.

Answer 24

TNF Receptor Superfamily

Question 25

Receptor for IL-1 belongs to this family. Similar to Toll-like receptors. Conserved cytosolic sequence (Tir) domain that activates IRAK to signal cascade.

Answer 25

IL-1 Receptor Family

Question 26

Chemokine receptors that signal via G-proteins. Rapid and transient signaling cascade.

Answer 26

7 Transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors.