3- cancer drivers

Question 1

tumors are

Answer 1

masses of cells derived from a single cell

Question 2

progression of cancer

Answer 2

single mutant cell–> tumor–> metastasis

Question 3

cancer cells have a reduced requirement for

Answer 3

growth factors

Question 4

cancer cells do not require ______ in order to grow

Answer 4

attachment to a physical substrate

Question 5

cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming so that ____ is uncoupled from the _____

Answer 5

glycolytic pathway
TCA/citric acid

Question 6

high rate of glycolysis helps to ______

Answer 6

increase in metabolites needed for proliferation

Question 7

cancer cells arise after

Answer 7

DNA damage

Question 8

cancer cells are created when _______

Answer 8

key regulatory genes are mutated

Question 9

oncogenes promote

Answer 9

cell growth and division

Question 10

tumor suppressors inhibit

Answer 10

cell growth and division

Question 11

genetic alterations convert

Answer 11

proto-oncogenes into oncogenes

Question 12

overexpression of proto-oncogenes can cause

Answer 12

tumor

Question 13

translocations can create hybrid proteins that are

Answer 13

oncogenic

Question 14

mechanisms of oncogene activation

Answer 14

1. change in expression levels
2. change in protein structure
3. change in protein structure

Question 15

elimination of tumor suppressor activity requires

Answer 15

2 mutation

Question 16

cancer is a ___ process that requires _____ to reach tumor state

Answer 16

multistep
4-6

Question 17

tumorigenesis progresses by ____

Answer 17

clonal expansion and selection

Question 18

cell growth and proliferation are activated by

Answer 18

growth factors

Question 19

extracellular signals may be

Answer 19

growth promoting
OR
growth inhibiting

Question 20

many genes encoding cell signaling molecules are

Answer 20

protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Question 21

pRb is a

Answer 21

tumor suppressor that can prevent passage through the cell cycle check point

Question 22

tumor suppressors block

Answer 22

inappropriate entry into the cell cycle

Question 23

pRb can be inactivated by:

Answer 23

mutations
sequestration by oncoproteins
hyperactivity of the Ras pathway

Question 24

in a cancer cell, if Rb is lost, or sequestered, the cell can

Answer 24

pass freely through R point

Question 25

mutation of DNA repair and maintenance genes can ____

Answer 25

increase the overall mutation rate

Question 26

_____ is a key player in immortalization

Answer 26

telomerase

Question 27

when telomeres become too short to protect the chromosomes, the chromosomes _____

Answer 27

fuse

Question 28

tumor growth is limited by access to _____

Answer 28

nutrients and waste removal mechanisms

Question 29

tumors can stimulate _______

Answer 29

angiogenesis which enables cellular proliferation

Question 30

cells from a primary tumor can gain entrance to ___

Answer 30

blood and lymphatic vessels (intravasation)

Question 31

intravasation is when

Answer 31

tumor cells invade lymph vessels

Question 32

intravasation often requires breaking through

Answer 32

barriers of neighboring tissue

Question 33

tumor microenvironment are orchestrated and maintained by

Answer 33

reciprocal heterotypic signaling interaction

Question 34

cells that survive movement through the blood/lymph vessels may

Answer 34

colonize other organs