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2-ECM Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the ECM?

A

-structural
-signaling
-mechanical support
-scaffold
-regulation

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2
Q

what is one of the most defining features of the animal body

A

ECM

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3
Q

how does ECM function in structural support

A

-contains BM and interstitial matrix
-differs in strength and texture due to molecules in ECM and how they are arranged

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4
Q

how does ECM work in scaffolding?

A

-provides tissues with shape and provides scaffold to regenerate tissue

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5
Q

how does ecm work in cell signaling

A

-allows cell to know where it is and what it is
-transmits mechanical signals to cells that can alter their behavior

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6
Q

how does ecm work in regulation of growth factors?

A

-growth factors that are released from cells bind the ecm and are stored there until they are released in response to mechanical stress

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7
Q

what can activate/destroy growth factors in ecm

A

proteases

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8
Q

what relationship do cells and ecm have?

A

bidirectional

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9
Q

how do cells and ECM have a bidirectional relationship?

A

-ECM is synthesized and organized by the cells within it
-ECM then signals back to the cell

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10
Q

what cells make ECM

A

-fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, any cell can make ECM

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11
Q

what is the basement membrane?

A

specialized form of ECM that underlie virtually all epithelia

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12
Q

3 main classes of molecules in ECM

A

1.fibrous proteins
2. glycoaminoglycan polysaccharide chains
3. multidomain glycoproteins

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13
Q

2 types of fibrous proteins

A

collagen and elastin

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14
Q

what is the function of collagen

A

confer tensile strength

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15
Q

collagen _____ and ____ affects tissue structure

A

composition and arrangement

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16
Q

structure of collagens:

A

-triple helix composed of 3 alpha chains that wind around each other in rope-like structure
-rich in glycine and proline

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17
Q

small size of glycine allows for ______

A

tight packing of helices

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18
Q

ring structure of proline ______

A

stabilizes the helix

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19
Q

to assemble into functional collagen molecules , the alpha chains undergo _______

A

post-translational modifications

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20
Q

how are collagens assembled

A

into fibrils and then fibers

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21
Q

prolines and lysines undergo what?

A

hydroxylation

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22
Q

what does hydroxylation of prolines and lysines allow for?

A

intra and inter molecular cross linkage

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23
Q

individual alpha chains self assemble in ER which forms

A

procollagen

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24
Q

fibrils are strengthened by:

A

formation of cross links between lysine residues

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25
what are 2 major types of collagen ?
fibrillar network forming
26
what is fibrillar collagen
long, rope-like fibrils type 1, 2, 3, 5, 11 collagen -bone, skin, tendons, cartilage
27
what is network forming collagen?
-forms basement membranes -anchors basement membrane to underlying tissue -type 4 collagen
28
how does collagen play a role in wound healing
-fibrillar collagens form a major portion of the connective tissue at repair sites
29
________ collagen synthesis interferes with wound healing
impaired
30
what is fibrosis
excessive collagen deposition
31
what is the function of elastic fibers
allow tissues to stretch and recoil
32
what are elastic fibers composed of
-elastin molecules covered with a sheath of glycoprotein microfibrils -elastin has alternating hydrophobic and alpha helical segments -hydrophobic regions confer elastic properties -helical segments cross link
33
glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide chains form what?
hydrated gels (ground substance)
34
what are GAGs
-unbranched polysaccharide chains that are negatively charged
35
what is the purpose of negatively charged on GAGs
hydrophilic, and allows them to stay in chains
36
GAGs occupy a huge ______ relative to ______
volume molecular weight
37
____ is a major polysaccharide component of ECM
hylauronic acid
38
HA is the simplest of ______
glycosaminoglycans
39
HA function
joints
40
what are proteoglycans?
long, unbranched GAG chains covalently linked to a core protein
41
role of proteoglycans?
signaling roles
42
examples of multidomain glycoproteins
-fibronectin -laminin
43
what are multidomain glycoproteins
glycoproteins with multiple domains that serve as binding sites for matrix proteins and for surface receptors located in ECM
44
________ is the most abundant ECM adhesive protein
fibronectin
45
what does the ECM consist of
-fibrous proteins and multi-adhesive glycoproteins embedded in ground substance
46
what is ground substance formed by?
glycoaminoglycans
47
what is the main producer of the ECM constituents?
fibroblasts
48
collagen synthesis:
1. alpha chains are synthesized in a long precursor form with propeptides at the N and C terminus 2. propeptides prevent triple helixes from associating with each other 2. lysine and proline residues are hydroxylated 3. select hydroxyprolines are glycosylated 4. 3 pro alpha chains self assemble to form a procollagen triple helix 5. procollagen molecules secreted 6. cleavage of N and C propeptides allows for self-assembly of triple helices into fibrils 7. fibrils assemble into fibers
49
hydroxylation of lysine and proline residues allows for ____
formation of crosslinks between different alpha chains
50
what do crosslinks do?
strengthen the collagen fibrils and fibers
51
The enzyme required for proline hydroxylation requires ______ as a cofactor
vit. C
52
collagen type 1 found in :
bones/skin
53
collagen type 2 found in:
cartilage
54
structure of fibril associated collagens
triple stranded helices are interrupted by non helical domains that allow flexibility. -pro-peptides are not cleaved
55
type 4 collagen is the major collagen of :
basement membranes
56
which type of collagen is the most flexible structure
network forming collagen
57
how does type 4 collagen interact
via uncleaved terminal domains to assemble into a flexible network
58
what does anchoring collagens do?
anchor basement membranes to CT
59
how is elastin arragned
fibers or discontiuous sheets
60
the elastin protein is composed of :
alternating segments of hydrophobic and alpha helical regions
61
elastic fibers are interwoven with _____
inelastic collagen fibrils
62
process of elastic fiber formation
elastogenesis

Cell Bio (17 decks)

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