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D3 Wines of the World Stage 2 > 3 - Burgundy > Flashcards

3 - Burgundy Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the plantings with Burgundy including within the different sub-regions (3)

A

(Excluding Beaujolais)

  • 50% Chard
  • >40% PN
  • 7% Aligote

Yonne (incl. Chablis) - 80% Chard

Côte d’Or - 60% PN

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2
Q

Describe the situation and history of Chablis (5)

A

Valley of river Serein, 110km north of Dijon

Popular during c19th due to proximity to Paris - 40,000ha

Phylloxera and powdery mildew + new railways (transport wine from further afield) in middle of c19th

WWI and depopulation, 1945 frost –> 500ha

Recovery –> 5,500ha

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3
Q

Describe the climate of Chablis (4)

A

Cool, continental –> winter and summer temps

Northerly latitude –> ripening in cooler years –> VV + Chardonnay

Rainfall 670mm spread throughout year –> moist climate –> disease

Spring frost and hail storms –> VV

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4
Q

Describe the soils in Chablis (3)

A

Limestone and clay –> concentration of fossilised seashells is called Kimmeridgian soil

Portlandian –> hard limestone with less clay

Best sites have a precise balance between chalky limestone and clay

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5
Q

How can the threat of spring frost be managed? What are the advantages/disadvantages of each? (3)

A

• smudge pots: smoky, causes air pollution, requires staff in the vineyard
• sprinklers (‘aspersion’): most popular option, though the installation and
maintenance costs mean that it is only a realistic option for vineyards with a good return
on investment (premiers crus, grand cru) or for well-funded companies
• pruning choices: later pruning promotes later bud-burst, reducing the chance of damage
to the new buds from early spring frosts.

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6
Q

Describe vineyard management in Chablis included rootstocks, training systems, yields, and harvesting.

A

Rootstocks:

  • 41B: tolerant of limestone soils with high pH
  • 420A: low vigour and tolerance of pH

Pruning/training: Double Guyot RCP: if one cane fails the other may live

Yields: Higher than elsewhere in Cote d’Or –> but frost and hail

Harvesting: machine harvesting, GC too steep so handpicked

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7
Q

Outline the differences between the location, meso-climates and soils of these Chablis appellations, outline the different yields, and how the style differs accordingly

Petit Chablis

Chablis

Chablis PC

Chablis GC

A

Petit Chablis: Higher, cooler vineyard with Portlandian soil (hard limestone, less clay), flat/gentle slopes with some north-facing sites 60 hL/ha

Style Light intensity green apple and lemon, high acid, light-bodied

Chablis: mix of aspects, Kimmeridgian soil, flat/gentle slopes with some north-facing sites 60 hL/ha

Style Med intensity green apple and lemon, high acid, medium alcohol, light-bodied

Chablis PC: 40 named vineyards, S/SE slopes with Kimmer soils, mid-slope, wines named after site or larger climat 58 hL/ha

Style More body, concentration

Chablis GC: single GC with seven named vineyards, on bank of river Serein on Kimmer soil, south-facing, mid-slope, treeline protects from northerly winds, marl/clay –> balance of drainage and water retention 54 hL/ha

Style More body, concentration

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8
Q

Describe the winemaking of Chablis (4)

A

Chaptalisation used regularly except in warm years

Fermentation SS or concrete for a few months

Malo common –> balance and texture

Oak uncommon except for occasional PC and some GCs –> crisp, lean style

Old oak: Raveneau

New oak: William Fevre

SS/Concrete: Jean-Marc Brocard

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9
Q

Outline the structure of wine production in Chablis (2)

A

Divide between merchants and estates is blurring - negociants buying land and domaines making some negociant wine

1/3 of production by co-op La Chablisienne - all levels of quality

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10
Q

Name two important industry bodies in Chablis and describe what they do.

A

Le Syndicat de Défense de l’Appellation de Chablis (1993)

  • Founded by William Fevre to tackle fraud and environmental issues

L’Union des Grands Crus de Chablis

  • Promotion of GC with charter for sustainability and hand harvesting
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11
Q

What prices do different levels of Chablis usually achieve?

A

Generally lower than Cote d’Or

Domaine and level of appellation key drivers

PC/Chablis - mid-priced, occasionally premium

PC/GC - premium/super-premium

Highly regarded producers are extremely £££ e.g. Francois Raveneau and Vincent Dauvissat

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12
Q

Where is Chablis sold?

A

1/3 Domestic

2/3 Export - UK (largest by far), US, Japan, Sweden, Canada

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13
Q

Describe the prevailing climate of the Côte d’Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais (6) including the main climatic threats (4)

A

Moderate, continental

Cooler in north near Dijon, warmer and drier in the Mâconnais

Short summers –> early ripening varieties

Côte d’Or - protected from rain by westerly Morvan hills

Rainfall: 700mm, autumn usually dry

Significant site and vintage variation - e.g. underripe tannins in cool years in PN

Climactic threats:

  1. Frost
  2. Hail
  3. Untimely rainfall
  4. Drought
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14
Q

Describe each climatic challenge and what growers can do to combat it.

A

Frost

Spring frost post budburst –> yields esp. as Chard and PN bud early

Warmer weather encourages early growth and makes frost damage more frequent e.g. 2021 causing production down 50% in Burgundy vs 2020

Hail

April-May - damage to early growth –> yields and loss of crop

Summer - fruit damage –> yield and disease –> grey rot might taint wine

Highly localised damage - e.g. Volnay and Pommard in 2012 and 2015

  1. Sorting tables to remove diseased fruit
  2. Netting - limited use since 2018, but may cause shading
  3. Cloud seeding - silver iodide to induce precipitation away from vineyards

Rain

May disrupt flowering/fruit set –> yields and ripeness

Growing season –> fungal disease

Harvest - dilution and fungal disease

Drought-stress

  • Berries shrivel in summer, halts ripening
  • Less of a problem on clay soils
  • Irrigation not permitted
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15
Q

Describe how topography varies between and within the Côte d’Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais.

A

Côte d’Or

  • Hills orientated north-south with east-west valleys –> most slopes facing east but many pointing south
  • Elevation 200-400m
  • Top slope: thin soils, exposed to wind
  • Mid-slope best - shallow soil, sunlight, frost protection
  • Bottom slope: deeper soils, vulnerable to frost

Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais

  • Varied topography
  • CC: best sites are south-east facing near Bouzeron and Rully
  • Maconnais: best sites are slopes, south facing e.g. Pouilly-Fuisse
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16
Q

The coolest sites in the Côte d’Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais may be used for what?

A

Planting Aligote or grapes for cremant

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17
Q

Briefly describe the soils of Côte d’Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais. Describe the difference in soils between different parts of a slope. (7)

A

Mix of limestone and clay in varying proportions

Côte de Nuits - more limestone –> better for PN

Côte de Beaune - more clay, deeper soil –> Chardonnay

Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais - varying mixture of limestone and clay

Soil thinner at higher elevation, deeper at lower

  • Top slope: soil too thin for vines to thrive
  • Bottom slope - poor drainage, more clay = greater fertility –> vigour –> shading –> ripeness
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18
Q

Where can you find the most well-regarded Aligote?

A

Bouzeron in the Côte Chalonnaise.

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19
Q

Describe the characteristics of Chardonnay including budding/ripening, yields, vulnerabilities, main growing challenge, flavour and structure.

A

Early budding / early ripening

Yield: well without loss of quality

Vulnerabilities: prone to grey rot, powdery mildew, millerandage, grapevine yellows

Challenge: managing vigour to avoid excessive yield and shading

Flavour: Apple, pear, lemon, wet stone –> ripe citrus, melon, stone fruit

Structure: Light-med body, high acidity –> med-med(+) body, med(+)-high acid

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20
Q

Describe the characteristics of Pinot Noir including budding/ripening, yields, vulnerabilities, main growing challenge, flavour and structure.

A

Early budding/ripening

Yields: limited to ensure ripeness

Vulnerable to: millerandage, downy and powdery mildew, bot, fan leaf and leafroll viruses, shrivelling and sunburn

Challenges:

  1. Ripens too quickly in warm conditions –> harvest earlier so lacks aromatic intensity
  2. Lack of ripeness - tannin colour and flavour - cool vintage

Flavours: strawberry, raspberry and red cherry, light oak (smoke, clove) for HQ wines, earth, game and mushroom with age

Structure: high acid, med alcohol, low-med tannin (up to med+ for GC)

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21
Q

Vines are commonly trained and trellised using the following systems, describe any notable advantages or disadvantages:

  1. Cordon e.g. Cordon du Royat
  2. Guyot
  3. Poussard-Guyot
A

Cordon training incl Cordon du Royat - limits vigour (more buds per vine) and yields but cordons can habour disease

Guyot (replacement cane with VSP) - traditional, many growers returning as can help combat trunk disease

Poussard-Guyot becoming more popular - softer pruning and maintains sap routes, pruning wounds only on upper part of cordon, reduce number of wounds

+ helps reduce risk of Esca and other trunk diseases

+ helps with canopy mngt

  • requires skilled workers
22
Q

How is clonal selection used with Burgundy? (3)

A

Clones vary in yield, disease tolerance, speed of ripening, fruit characteristics

Pick single clone to encourage uniform ripening or plant variety of clones for diversity of characteristics and disease resistance

Mass selection also used

23
Q

What density are vineyards usually planted?

A

8-10,000 VPH - although higher densities exist - encourages root competition –> smaller berries and more intensity

24
Q

How do growers manage yield?

A

Growers manage yield via winter pruning, de-budding, green harvesting

De-budding: promotes vine balance but early reduction of potential yield can leave final yield more vulnerable to vineyard to hazards

Green harvesting: allows growers to assess the potential of each bunch and make decisions later in season accounting for any weather earlier in season but can impact vine development and cause dilution in grapes (need more explanation here)

25
Q

Outline the differences in max yields between appellation levels.

A

Regional (red/white) - 69/75

Village - 40-45/45-47

GCs - some as low as 35/40

NB wide range within these levels between different areas

26
Q

What are some issues preventing more growers from adopting organic practices?

A

Climate - rainfall

Fragmented vineyard ownership - organic practices require minimum area of be effective

27
Q

What are the main pest and disease threats and how are they treated?

A

Grape moths - pheromone capsules

Fungal disease - canopy mngt and sprays

Grapevine yellows - monitoring

Esca - changing pruning methods

28
Q

How are grapes usually harvested? What decisions must be made around harvesting?

A

Most fruit picked by hand - labour shortages

Timing of harvest crucial –> marginal climate means storms/rain can damage or dilute crop

Harvest early for lower risk of damage and to keep acid, harvest later for more ripeness and softer tannin

29
Q

Outline winemaking interventions common in the production of white winemaking within CdO, CC and Maconnais (6)

A

Acidification permitted (deacidification used but rare)

Chaptalisation if sugars too low to meet min ABV, max is 2% (less common now due to better CM and warmer climate)

Clarification sedimentation for HQ wines, must clarified via adding pectolytic enzymes or centrifugation

Hyperoxidation reduce risk of oxidation

Cultured yeast favoured by producers of inexpensive wines

Malo may be blocked for fresher wines

Filtration more common than in reds

30
Q

Describe the main winemaking choices made when producing white wine in the CdO, CC or Maconnais (6) including options for maturation (5)

A

Sorting tables –> why?

Wholebunch pressed - is skin contact desirable? (aromatics, tannins)

Clarification dependent on desired solids - what kind of wines have more solids?

Yeast ambient yeasts common as brings terroir, ferments must be closely monitored - why?

Ferment Vessel

  • Cheaper: SS 16-18c –> preserve primary, avoid banana
  • HQ: fermented in barrels for creamier style, 20c

Malo usually allowed in either neutral vessel or oak

Maturation

  • Cheaper: shorter time, less oak, less new oak
  • HQ: 8-12 mnths, on lees, more oak and more new oak
  • Size: 228L common but 500-600L also used –> style impact?
  • Age: regional 20-25% new, 30-50% for PC, >50% for GC
  • Lees: contact typical, batonnage once - several times –> reduces reductive flavours, creamy texture
31
Q

Explain the reasons why some producers favour gentler clarification and others use more aggressive measures of clarification (4)

A
  • Gentle clarification e.g. sedimentation takes time and tank space
  • Gentle clarification leads to higher proportion of solids in the must during ferment
  • More solids means texture and greater aroma complexity (e.g. reduction), also provide nutrients for yeast
  • More solids can cause ferments to stick - reductive compounds out of control –> sulfur
32
Q

What is premox, what vintages has it affected and what are some proposed explanations?

A

Premature oxidation - advanced flavours and colours after a relatively short time in bottle

Impact greater on 1996 - 2000 (roughly), remains but at lower levels

  1. changes in vineyard practices leading to higher yields and different chemical composition of the grapes
  2. warmer vintages or later picking times
  3. the use of over-clean musts resulting from the use of pneumatic presses
  4. overzealous bâtonnage
  5. lower levels of sulphur dioxide at bottling
  6. quality of corks and changes in cork treatment before use
33
Q

Outline the winemaking decisions made by producers of red wines.

Sorting

Wholebunch or destemmed

Cold soaking

Fermentation

Cap management

Post-ferment maceration

Pressing

Maturation

Malo

Fining and filtration

A

PN: delicate, aromatic and has light tannins - careful vinification –> maintain primary fruit and not overwhelm with new oak

Sorting common for all but cheapest wine esp with rot or hail

Wholebunch or destemmed wholebunch the norm but destemmed increasingly popular since 1980s

Cold soaking extracts colour due to naturally low anthocyanin levels

Fermentation usually ambient in open-top vessels up to 30c

Cap management remontage and pigéage –> oxygen (yeast metabolism), reduction, acetic acid, extraction, regulate temp

Post-ferment maceration depends on the ripeness of fruit (why?) - 2-3 weeks for greater concentration and structure

Pressing pneumatic or vertical basket - separating free run and press for different maturation

Maturation 228L oak, >1yr for cheap, 12-20 for prem/SP, % of new oak higher in premium but varies widely between producers

Malo spontaneous, takes place in spring as cellar warm

Fining and filtration for mid-priced wines, many HQ wines not –> why?

34
Q

Which winemaker was responsible for popularising destemming. What difference does destemming vs wholebunch fermentation make?

A

Remi Jayer - 1980s

Wholebunch - less extraction of tannin, colour and flavour, herbal stemmy flavours from the stems, fruitier

Crushed fruit - more extraction –> more colour, tannin, body

35
Q

When was most of Burgundy’s appellation system established?

A

Formalised in 1930s when lieux-dits where placed into a hierarchy based on soil, aspect and mesoclimate

36
Q

Outline the four tiers of the Côte d’Or.

A

Regional or generic appellations (e.g. Bourgogne AOC, Bourgogne Hautes Côtes de Beaune AOC)

An additional regional appellation, Bourgogne Côte d’Or, was introduced in 2017

Communal or village appellations e.g. Meursault AOC

Premier cru e.g. Vosne Romanée Premier Cru
Aux Malconsorts AOC

Grand cru e.g. Richebourg Grand Cru AOC (N.B. for grand cru wines in the Côte d’Or, the labelling term is the name of the grand cru; the related village name does not appear.)

37
Q

Give the % volume of production attributed to each Cote d’Or appellation tier

A

52% regional

47% village and 1er

1% Grand

38
Q

What type of wines are produced in Côte Chalonnaise and what distinguishes 1er crus from lesser sites?

A

Mainly red but some white

Many wines labelled Bourgogne AOC - offer good value

Village and 1er crus have risen in quality substantially

1er crus: warmest sites, S/SE/E facing with limestone soils

39
Q

How may a wine coming from more than one 1er cru vineyard be labelled?

A

Village Name + Premier Cru

40
Q

Why is the classification system itself not a guarantee quality?

A
  1. Napoleonic inheritance laws mean vineyards divided between multiple domaines - skill and resources of each varies
  2. Some areas are large e.g. Clos Vougeot is 50ha with difference between middle/top section and lower section
41
Q

Within the Cote d’Or what common features distinguish each tier from Generic and Regional to Village, 1er and GC.

A

Generic e.g. Hautes Cotes de Beaunes higher altitude, lack of protection from wind, less sun, richer soil

Regional e.g. Bourgogne flat land at bottom of slopes - D974

Village bottom of best slopes with richer soils and less drainage

1er surrounding GCs

GC mid-slope with shallow soil, well-drained, protection from weather, sunlight

42
Q

What type of wine does the Côtes de Nuits specailise in. Which villages offer well-priced wines?

Name a couple of key villages and their associated grand crus.

A

Pinot Noir. Marsannay (red, rose and white) and Fixin offer good value (red)

Gevrey-Chambertin most northerly and largest village –> Charmes Chambertin AOC Grand Cru

Vougeot tiny village but GC is Clos de Vougeot and is very large 50ha

43
Q

Name the 10 most important villages, whether they make red or white and their notable GCs within the Côte de Beaune.

AC PV LS B P V M PM CM SA

A

Aloxe-Corton AOC, Pernand-Vergelesses AOC and Ladoix-Serrigny AOC – cluster round the hill of Corton. Village and 1ers make red. GC: Corton Charlemagne Grand Cru AOC (white only), Corton Grand Cru AOC (mostly red)

Beaune AOC – mainly red, some white. No GCs. 1ers: Le Clos des Mouches and Les Grèves.

Pommard AOC – Red wines only, no GCs, 1ers: Les Rugiens and Clos des Épeneaux.

Volnay AOC – Red wines only, no GCs, 1ers: Clos des Chênes and Les Caillerets

Meursault AOC – Mostly white wines, 1ers: Perrières and Genevrières.

Puligny-Montrachet AOC and Chassagne-Montrachet AOC – mostly white. GCs: Le Montrachet AOC and Bâtard-Montrachet AOC.

Saint-Aubin AOC – Mostly white wines. 1ers: Sur le Sentier du Clouand En Remilly.

44
Q

Name the five most important village appellations in the Côte Chalonnaise. What type of wines do they produce? What % of the vineyard area is 1er?

A

Bouzeron AOC – 100 per cent Aligoté

Rully AOC – more white than red, 1ers for both, >25% is 1er. Also Crémant de Bourgogne.

Mercurey AOC – largest village by production, more red than white, 25% 1er

Givry AOC – Mostly red , >40% 1er

Montagny AOC – White only, 66% 1er

45
Q

Name the appellations used to label wine from Mâconnais (decreasing in size, increasing in quality)

A

Bourgogne AOC

Mâcon AOC – mainly red (or rosé) wines

Mâcon-Villages and Mâcon-village (e.g. Mâcon-Lugny) – white
wines only

Named village – Pouilly-Fuissé AOC, Saint-Véran AOC and Viré-Clessé AOC
(along with the much smaller Pouilly- Vinzelles AOC, Pouilly-Loché AOC)

1ers - 22 climats in Pouilly-Fuisse

46
Q

With examples, describe how small differences in soil, topography and situation can influence the style of wine produced (3)

A

Marsannay and Fixin - less protection from wind from south-west due to gentler slopes –> cooler –> lighter-bodied reds and allowed to make rose

Gevrey-Chambertin to Nuits-Saint-Georges - greatest protection from wind –> best for reds and most red GCs here

Some consistent differences in style are unexplained e.g. Volnay is fruitier and more fragrant whereas Pommard is fuller-bodied, Puligny-Montrachet is more floral and concentrated while Meursault is full-bodied and powerful

47
Q

Describe recent trends in production structure in Burgundy (3)

A

Historically - negociants were largest producers - e.g. Albert Bichot, Joseph Drouhin, Faiveley, Louis Jadot and Bouchard Père et Fils.

1980s - move toward more domaine bottling

2000s - larger domaines acting as negociants e.g. Dujac

48
Q

Describe five key types of organisation involved in production in Burgundy

A

• growers – businesses that have vineyard holdings and sell their grapes or unfinished
wines to négociants. Several thousand growers and typically their holdings are
divided in parcels in different vineyards and villages.
• domaines – businesses that own vineyards and make wine from them, which they sell
under their own label
• négociants – typically large businesses that buy grapes and/or wines, finish them and
bottle them for sale under their own name
• micro-négociants – smaller businesses that buy grapes from very good to top quality
vineyards, make the wines and sell them under their own name, for example, Benjamin
Leroux
• co-operatives – these businesses are less important in the Côte d’Or but have a more
predominant role in Chablis (La Chablisienne), the Mâconnais (e.g. the Cave de Lugny),
and, to a lesser extent, in the Côte Chalonnaise

49
Q

Where is Burgundy wine sold? What roles does DTC play?

A

Domestic 50%

Export 25% in EU, 25% ex-EU

Largest export markets: US, UK, Japan

DTC and direct sale to retailer on the rise esp as en primeur has become more important

Premium-super-premium sold via specialist wine shops and fine dining

Generic and village via supermarkets and hospo

50
Q

Name factors that can determine the price of a Burgundy wine (3)

A

Producer’s reputation e.g. Domaine Armand Rousseau

Village name and stylistic difference e.g. perfumed Volnay vs tannic Pommard

Reputation of particular cru e.g. within Meursault Perrieres steeliness vs body of Charmes

51
Q

Describe the trends that have been responsible for price changes in Burgundy (4)

A

Prices for super-premium up 200% between 2003 - 16 on secondary market

  • Increasing land prices - scarce + more demand from foreign firms
  • Increased global demand for Burgundy
  • Limited supply - volume 1/4 of Bordeaux
  • Variable production due to weather hazards

D3 Wines of the World Stage 2 (49 decks)

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