[3] Bacterial Diseases Upper Respi

Question 1

is an inflammation of the pharynx caused by streptococci.

Answer 1

“Strep throat,” or streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 2

s&s:
- The back of the pharynx appears red, with swollen lymph nodes and purulent (pus-containing) abscesses covering the tonsils
- Pain during swallowing, bad breath, fever, malaise,1 and headache accompany ________

Answer 2

“Strep throat,” or streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 3

Inflammation of the pharynx; at the back of the
throat, ○ Sore throat and difficulty swallowing
○ Often accompanied by fever, malaise, headache

Answer 3

pharyngitis

Question 4

inflammation of voice box; lower respiratory tract, Hoarseness of the voice

Answer 4

laryngitis

Question 5

inflammation of bronchial tubes; lower respiratory tract
- Cough with mucus, shortness of breath, wheezing, low fever, chest tightness

Answer 5

Bronchitis

Question 6

2 main types of bronchitis

Answer 6

acute and chronic

Question 7

• progress to scarlet or rheumatic fever if
  untreated

Answer 7

“Strep throat,” or streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 8

• Characteristic pain in the throat
  ○ In PH, usually treated with strepsils and lozenges

Answer 8

“Strep throat,” or streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 9

Systematic inflammatory disease caused by a
delayed response to group A streptococci infection

Answer 9

Scarlet fever

Question 10

which inflammation leads to damage of heart valves and muscle.

Answer 10

rheumatic fever

Question 11

Though the exact cause of such damage is unknown, it appears that this disease is an autoimmune response in which antibodies directed against streptococcal antigens cross-react with heart antigens.

Answer 11

rheumatic fever

Question 12

occurs in some untreated cases -
damage of glomeruli; disease of the kidneys

Answer 12

Acute glomerulonephritis

Question 13

is the major cause of bacterial pharyngitis and scarlet and rheumatic fevers.

Answer 13

Lancefield group A Streptococcus (synonymously known as S. pyogenes)

Question 14

The bacterium shows beta-hemolysis after 24 hours on blood agar plates

Answer 14

Lancefield group A Streptococcus (synonymously known as S. pyogenes)

Question 15

true or false: harmless streptococci of the upper respiratory system are either nonhemolytic or alpha-hemolytic.

Answer 15

true

Question 16

causes inhibition of complement component C3b, thereby interfering with opsonization and lysis

Answer 16

M protein

Question 17

may “camouflage” the bacterium from phagocytes.

Answer 17

hyaluronic acid capsule

Question 18

are enzymes that break down blood clots, presumably enabling group A streptococci to spread rap- idly through damaged tissues.

Answer 18

Streptokinases

Question 19

is an enzyme that breaks down complement protein C5a, which is a chemotactic factor. With this enzyme, S. pyogenes decreases the movement of leukocytes into the site of infection.

Answer 19

C5a peptidase

Question 20

(also called erythrogenic toxins) stimulate leukocytes to release cytokines that in turn stimulate fever, rash, and shock.

Answer 20

Pyrogenic toxins

Question 21

lyse erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Answer 21

Streptolysins

Question 22

is also a pathogenic beta-hemolytic bacterium that causes some cases of streptococcal pharyngitis. However, unlike group A strep throat, this kind of group does not lead to scarlet or rheumatic fevers.

Answer 22

One strain of group C Streptococcus (also called S. equisimilis)

Question 23

pathogenesis: Occurs when normal microbiota are depleted, large inoculum is
introduced, or adaptive immunity is impaired

Answer 23

“Strep throat,” or streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 24

epidemiology: Spread via respiratory droplets (easily dispersed into air)
● Occurs most often in winter and spring

Answer 24

“Strep throat,” or streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 25

Often confused with viral pharyngitis due to common symptoms in px

Answer 25

“Strep throat,” or streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 26

Oral penicillin is an effective treatment

Answer 26

“Strep throat,” or streptococcal pharyngitis

Question 27

A nasopharyngeal and skin infection

Answer 27

diphtheria

Question 28

signs and symptoms: Sore throat, localized pain, fever ● Presence of a pseudomembrane that can obstruct airways

Answer 28

diphtheria

Question 29

diphtheria bacteria

Answer 29

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 30

A non-motile, non encapsulated, Gm (+) bacilli

Answer 30

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 31

bacteria Ubiquitous (existing everywhere) in animals and human

Answer 31

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 32

factors: C. diphtheriae produces ? which prevents polypeptide synthesis and causes cell death

Answer 32

diphtheria toxin

Question 33

this toxin can cause systemic toxicity, myocarditis, and polyneuropathy (multiple nerves become damaged)

Answer 33

diphtheria toxin

Question 34

Toxin is associated with the formation of pseudomembranes in the pharynx

Answer 34

diphtheria toxin

Question 35

- cause pharyngeal diphtheria

Answer 35

○ Toxigenic strains

Question 36

cause cutaneous diseases

Answer 36

Nontoxigenic strains

Question 37

Bacteria has characteristic club-shape bacillary appearance and usually forms palisades (cluster of parallel rays)

Answer 37

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 38

Leading cause of death among unimmunized children

Answer 38

diphtheria

Question 39

Presence of pseudomembrane and an immunodiffusion assay called an ? in which antibodies against toxin react with toxin in a sample of fluid from patient

Answer 39

Elek Test

Question 40

incubation period diphtheria

Answer 40

2-5

Question 41

disease onset of diphtheria

Answer 41

as late as 10 days after exposure

Question 42

treatment for diphtheria

Answer 42

DTAP Vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) (immunizations)

Question 43

inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

Answer 43

Rhinosinusitis:

Question 44

Otitis media

Answer 44

ear ache

Question 45

is a common and painful disease of early childhood that manifests with severe pain in the ears, which may end abruptly when the eardrum ruptures - eventually releasing the pressure

Answer 45

otitis media

Question 46

RHINOSINUSITIS AND OTITIS MEDIA pathogen

Answer 46

S. pneumoniae, Haemophilusinfluenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 47

● Bacteria in the pharynx spread to the sinuses via

Answer 47

throat

Question 48

Rhinosinusitis = more common in ?; Otitis media = more common in ?

Answer 48

adults, children

Question 49

treatment for rhinosinusitis

Answer 49

use Neti pot device

Question 50

is there way to prevent rhinosinusitis?

Answer 50

none