2UnEqual World Flashcards
What is development
Positive change that makes things better
What is the development gap
The difference in living standards between the worlds richest and the worlds poorest countries
What is gross national income and how can we use it to classify the development of a country
Common measure are use by the world bank
Total value of goods and services produced by country plus any money and from other countries per person
What is the human development index and how to use it to classify the development of a country
Devised by the UN linking to health education and well
Considering life expectancy GNI Per capita and number of years in education
What are the measures of development are then how do they show at country level of development
- Birthrate-number of live births per thousand/HIC Low education and access to contraception
- Death rate-The number of deaths per thousand/ unreliable w aged pop
- Literacy rate- percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills/EU 99% L I C 40 to 50%
- Infant mortality rate-Number of deaths of children under one year per thousand births/UK 4.38 Nigeria 72.7
What are the limits of using economic and social measures to determine the development of a country
Birth rate-population measures make it not accurate but suggest quality of education and equality of women
Death rate-many reasons for death right e.g. aged pop but easy indicator to use roughly indicate the level of health care, sanitation, water and living conditions
Literacy rate-carrying out surveys in rural, conflict zones, squatter settlement are hard but shows quality of education=better jobs
Infant mortality rate-worlds poorest countries, not all infant deaths are recorded that show quality of health care
What is the demographic transition model and how does it link to the level of development in a country
A model that shows changes over time in population of the country based on historical changes in western countries E.g. UK
The gap between birth rate and death rate is natural change and total population can be affected by immigration and emigration. As a country develops its population characteristics change
What is the population pyramid and how can it link to a DTM
Population structure looking at population divided up between males and females of different age groups.
They can match different stages of the DTM
What examples of countries of each stage DTM
1-traditional rainforest tribes - high birth and death rate
2-Sierra Leone - falling death rate due to hunger disease but birthrate still high
3-Nigeria - their freight much lower than birthrate but population still growing rapidly. Contraception more available
4-USA - good health care means low death freight and women more likely to have cure so birthrate low population growth due to immigration
5-Germany - experience in population decline, death rate is higher than birthrate as women have careers but ageing pop
What is the dependency ratio and how is it useful
An age population ratiothat is used to measure the pressure of productive population
What are the physical causes of uneven development
- Extreme weather earthquakes and Extreme climate -repairing the damage from these events can cost a lot and therefore slow development
- land locked- being landlocked makes Seaborne trade more difficult
What are the economical causes of uneven development
Food prices fluctuate massively. Since the 1990s the price of cocoa beans has halved due to overproduction and is slowing economy in places like Ghana and Ivory Coast
TNCs buy material and food from LIC is at a low price as there are more supply than demand
What are the historical causes of uneven development
Colonialism. From 1400s European explorers set out to control new territories in order to gain wealth from natural re-sources e.g. gold
When countries gained independence it often resulted in Civil War which held back development as money and resources were focused on arms for war and taken by corrupt governments
What is meant by the term disparities in wealth
Global imbalance between rich and poor/Differences within a country in wealth The gini coefficient is the way of showing this
If the gini coefficient is zero everyone has the same income. What is the score was one that only one person would control all the income
Is disparities in wealth only between countries or can we find imbalances within a country
disparities in wealth can be found withing countries aswell as between countries
How does on equal development linked to disparities in health
LIC is on able to invest in good quality healthcare which in turn Impax development
e.g. In 2013 malaria caused over half 1 million deaths mostlyamong African children but wealthier African countries have fewer malaria deaths as they can afford vaccination
How does an equal development lead to international migration
Globally and even development results in an even flows of people between places as people want to improve the quality of life. Some may voluntarily but some are forced to flee persecution
2015 head high international migration due to poverty and confect e.g. for 14million people forced from their homes in Syria and North Africa
What is the difference between an economic migrant and A refugee in the case study middle east refugee crisis 2015 versus economic migration to the UK
Economic migrants move voluntarily where as a refugee is forced due to poverty and conflict
Middle east refugee crisis 2015-civil war in Syria since 2011 so far wall has resulted in 470,000 deaths and 4million Fled
economic migration to the UK-I have a 1.5 million migrants since 2004, 2/3 Polish due to temper cent unemployment rate in Poland and wages in UK5 times higher but most paid tax (£3bill/yr)
How can investment reduce the development gap
Investment like TNCs can help improve infrastructure and multiply affect can allow local businesses to thrive creating even more work and jobs
How can industrial development and tourism reduce the development gap
China is a key example to demonstrate the beliefs of manufacturing and encouraging industrial development and even established special economic zones to encourage industrial development
How can aid reduce the development gap
OXFAM
Goat aid from Oxfam
Project set up to help families in Africa e.g. Malawi
Money donated is used to buy ago which produce milk butter and meat
Milk can be sold as a source of income to pay for food and education and those are easily bread so can be sold or shared
What is intermediate technology and how can It help reduce the development gap
The simple easily learnt and mainttained technology used in a range of economic activities serving local needs
Often cheap, local communities can take ownership and learn how to maintain it
Water aid improves water supplies like Afridev hand pump although it can break down often it is easy and quick to repair
What is the trade and how can I help reduce the development gap
Their trade organisation aim to give produces a better price for goods to ensure their quality-of-life is protected
But if there is a recession in HICs it can impact the fair trade as shoppers avoid buying fair trade products because of higher cost
Why is trade not fair
Often richer countries charge Tariffs and impose quotas eg EU charge 7.7% import tariffs on cocoa powder and 15% on chocolate from Ghana yet there is no tariffs on cocoa beans which are low value
What is debt relief and how can it reduce the development gap
Cutting a country’s debt as much of the money loaned by the World Bank in the 1970s was taken by corrupt leaders and not used to invest in the country
Offers in return for conservationE.g. rainforest - do you with a agreed to let Indonesia keep $30million in exchange for protecting Sumatran forest and in danger tigers and rhinos
What a micro finance loans and how can this help reduce the development gap
Allows poor people in LIC is and NEEs to borrow a small amount of money often to kickstart development at a local level
Because the lines are not aid, poor people feel they are not dependent on others to succeed
How has tourism in Jamaica NEE help to reduce the development gap
2014 tourism made up 24% of Jamaica’s GDP
$2 billion and each year and main source of employment providing 200,000 jobs
Positive multiplier
What are the disadvantages of tourism in Jamaica
- Still large numbers of people living in poor housing we have limited for supply and for access to water health care and education
- Key problems are footpath erosion excessive waste and harmful iemissions
