2.Signs and Symptoms in CV Medicine Flashcards
What is acute coronary syndrome?
Sudden reduced blood flow to the heart
How is chest pain differentiated into being stable angina or an acute coronary syndrome?
Angina can be brought on by exertion and nitroglycerin spray
MI pain is present at rest and is not relieved by nitroglycerin
Who is more likely to have silent MIs?
Women
Diabetics
Which ions are important in relation to arrhythmias?
K+
Na+
Ca++
Mg++
What are the symptoms of MI?
Central, dull, crushing chest pain Pain radiates to arm, jaw, neck, teeth, back or abdomen SOB Fear of dying Pallor, cold, clammy, nausea, vomiting
What is systolic LV failure?
LV is dilated and has reduced contractibility as a result
What is diastolic LV failure?
Thick, stiff ventricle walls that have reduced filling capacity
What are the symptoms of LV failure?
Causes pulmonary oedema: dyspnoea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal noctural dyspnoea, frothy white cough
Restlessness, confusion, fatigue, dizziness
What are the signs of LV failure?
Tachycardia Reduced oxygen sats Bibasal crackles and wheeze Displaced apex beat Heart sounds s3 and s4
What are the causes of RV failure?
LV failure
Cor pulmonale
PE
Pulmonary hypertension
What are the symptoms of RV failure?
Blood accumulates in veins: lower limb and abdomen swelling
Anorexia and GI symptoms
Fatigue and weight gain
What are the signs of RV failure?
lower limb and sacral odema
Ascites, hepatosplenomegaly
Increased JVP
Additional heart sounds and parasternal heave
What are the symptoms of cardiac arrhythmias?
Mostly asymptomatic Palpitations Lightheadedness Fatigue Angina Dyspnoea
What are the signs of cardiac arrhythmias?
Brady/tachycardia Irregular pulse Syncope Confusion Cardiac arrest and sudden death
What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis?
Angina
Syncope
Dyspnoea and reduced exercise tolerance
Signs and symptoms of heart failure
What are the signs of aortic stenosis?
Low volume slow rising carotid pulse
Single S2, S4
Displaced apex beat
What are the symptoms of mitral regurgitation?
Exertional dyspnoea
Fatigue
Signs and symptoms of heart failure
What are the signs of mitral regurgitation?
Pansystolic murmur radiating to the axilla
Atrial fibrillation
What are the specific findings of cardiogenic shock?
Hypotension and tachycardia
impaired cognition
Skin pale, cool, clammy
What are the specific findings of heart failure?
Increased JVP 3rd heart sound Bibasal crackles Pulsatile tender liver Bilateral lower limb oedema
What is the specific finding of valvular disease?
Murmurs
What are the specific findings of vascular disease?
Carotid bruit
Palpate abdomen for abdominal aorta
Peripheral pulses
What is carotid bruit?
Sound heart in carotid arteries due to turbulent flow
What is the specific finding of pericardial disease?
Friction rub
Describe the murmur seen in aortic stenosis
Ejection murmur at right upper sternal border, radiating to carotids
