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[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Laboratory > [2S] UNIT 9.1 Urea > Flashcards

[2S] UNIT 9.1 Urea Flashcards

1
Q

Nitrogen-containing compounds measured after removal of proteins in specimen

A

Non-Protein Nitrogen

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2
Q

Measured by converting nitrogen to ammonia and subsequent reaction with Nessler’s reagent (K2[Hgl4]) to form a yellow product measured spectrophotometrically

A

Non-Protein Nitrogen

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3
Q

NPNs specimen

A

Serum, Urea & Plasma (SUP)

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4
Q

URINE OR PLASMA

Assesses the kidney

A

Both

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5
Q

URINE OR PLASMA

For urea concentration test

A

Urine

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6
Q

Also known as carbamide

A

Urea

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7
Q

Most abundant NPN (50%)

A

Urea

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8
Q

Produced in the liver from amino groups (-NH2) and free ammonia

A

Urea

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9
Q

Major excretory product of protein metabolism

A

Urea

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10
Q

Chemical formula of Urea

A

CO(NH2)2

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11
Q

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Evaluation of renal function

A

Urea

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12
Q

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Assess hydration status

A

Urea

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13
Q

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Determination of nitrogen balance

A

Urea

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14
Q

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Aid in the diagnosis of renal disease

A

Urea

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15
Q

More appropriate term for quantification of urea

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Determination

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16
Q

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Verify adequacy of dialysis

A

Urea

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17
Q

T/F: DIALYSIS - ↑ BUN = dialysis isn’t compensating

A

T

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18
Q

Conversion factor of BUN (mg/dL to mmol/L)

A

0.357

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19
Q

BUN DETERMINATION

Most frequently used method

A

Enzymatic Method

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20
Q

BUN DETERMINATION

Uses urease enzyme to catalyze hydrolysis of urea and the liberated ammonium ion (NH4
+) is quantified.

A

Enzymatic Method

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21
Q

BUN DETERMINATION

Most common assay

A

ENZYMATIC: Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)-coupled enzymatic reaction

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22
Q

BUN DETERMINATION

Best as a kinetic measurement

A

ENZYMATIC: Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)-coupled enzymatic reaction

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23
Q

BUN DETERMINATION

Measures rate of disappearance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) at 340 nm

A

ENZYMATIC: Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)-coupled enzymatic reaction

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24
Q

BUN DETERMINATION

Used in automated systems, multilayer film reagents and dry reagent strips

A

ENZYMATIC: Indicator Dye

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25
BUN DETERMINATION Measures color change due to change in pH
ENZYMATIC: Indicator Dye
26
BUN DETERMINATION: ENZYMATIC T/F: NADH is indirectly proportional to ammonia
F; directly (ammonia originates from the urea)
27
BUN DETERMINATION A specific and rapid test
ENZYMATIC: Conductometric
28
BUN DETERMINATION Uses electrode to measure rate of increase in conductivity produced by ammonium ions
ENZYMATIC: Conductometric
29
BUN DETERMINATION Reference method
ENZYMATIC: Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
30
BUN DETERMINATION Used isotopically-labeled compound for quantification
ENZYMATIC: Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
31
BUN DETERMINATION Detects characteristic fragments following ionization
Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
32
T/F: Urine should be diluted
T bcs mas maraming urea sa urine
33
Dilution factor of Urine
1:20 with NSS
34
Irritate the eyes and skin
Reagent 2: NADH, sodium azide
35
Standard urea
50 mg/dL or 8.33 mmol/L (may vary depending on manufacturer)
36
What type of urine is refrigerated?
24 hr urine sample
37
For the reduction of NADH to NAD (reagent)
Reagent 2: NADH, sodium azide
38
5 Reagent 1
RAUGAS R1 Tris buffer (pH 7.6) ADP urease glutamate α-ketoglutarate sodium azide
39
_ absorbance = ↑ conc. of urea
↓
40
ASSAY REQUIREMENTS Wavelength: ____ Optical path: ____ Temperature: ____ Read against ______ _____
Wavelength: 340 nm Optical path: 1 cm Temperature: 37 ͦC Read against distilled water
41
Conversion factor of urea to BUN
0.466 x C (Urea)
42
Conversion factor of BUN to urea
2.14 x C (BUN)
43
Reference intervals for BUN in adults' plasma / serum
CU = 6-20 mg/dL SI = 2.1-7.1 mmol/L
44
Reference intervals for BUN in adults' 24 hr urine
CU = 12-20 g/day SI = 0.43-0.71 mmol/day
45
Elevated urea concentration in blood
Azotemia
46
Increased urea level accompanied by renal failure
Uremia / Uremic Syndrome
47
Before the kidney
Pre-Renal
48
Most of the time due to reduced renal blood flow
Pre-Renal
49
Less renal blood delivered to the kidney, less urea filtered and excreted in the kidney; increased urea levels
Pre-Renal
50
↑ Urea & Normal Creatinine
Pre-Renal
51
↑ Urea & Creatinine
Renal
52
Normal Urea & ↑ Creatinine
Post-Renal
53
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC ● Congestive heart failure ● Shock
Pre-Renal
54
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC ● Hemorrhage ● Dehydration
Pre-Renal
55
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC Increased protein catabolism
Pre-Renal
56
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC High-protein diet
Pre-Renal
57
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC Acute and chronic renal failure
Renal
58
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC Renal disease (glomerular nephritis and tubular necrosis)
Renal
59
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC Urinary tract obstruction
Post-Renal
60
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC ● Renal calculi ● Tumor in the bladder or prostate ● Severe infections
Post-Renal
61
T/F: DECREASED CONCENTRATION The decrease of urea in the body is due to the slow metabolism of proteins in the body
T
62
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC Low protein intake
Decreased Concentration
63
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC Liver disease
Decreased Concentration
64
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC Severe vomiting and diarrhea
Decreased Concentration
65
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PLASMA UREA CONC Pregnancy
Decreased Concentration
66
BUN:Urea ratio
1:2
67
Measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product Urea
BUN Test
68
PROCEDURE Read Absorbance 1 (A1) at ___?
27 secs
69
PROCEDURE Set-up the spectrophotometer at _____ wavelength
340 nm
70
PROCEDURE Continue the timer and read Absorbance 2 (A2) at exactly?
90 seconds
71
Not excreted in urine
Amino acids
72
Reabsorbed immediately by the proximal convoluted chain through active transport
Amino acids
73
Urea cycle in what organ
Liver
74
Due to the reduced renal function that causes an increase in plasma concentration as a result of compromised urea excretion
Renal
75
Problem in filtering the urea because of issues in the glomerulus
Renal
76
Most likely due to the obstruction of urine flow in the urinary tract
Post-Renal
77
After the kidney
Post-Renal
78
Measures a chromogen produced directly from Urea
Direct Method

[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (10 decks)

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