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[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Laboratory > [1S] UNIT 1: Phases of Laboratory Testing > Flashcards

[1S] UNIT 1: Phases of Laboratory Testing Flashcards

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1
Q

The systematic study of biochemical processes associated with health & disease & the measurement of constituents in body fluids or tissues to facilitate diagnosis of disease.

A

Clinical Chemistry

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2
Q

A representative portion of body fluid such as serum, plasma, urine and CSF

A

Patient Sample

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3
Q

Parts of the Spectrophotometer

A

LEME CPR

Light Source
Entrance Slit
Monochromator
Exit Slip
Cuvette
Photodetector
Read-out Device

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4
Q

T/F: Color transmitted + corresponding color and color observed + color of the observation are the same colors.

A

T

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5
Q

T/F: Color absorbed + complementary color and color observed + color of the observation are the same colors.

A

F; color absorbed + complementary color & color observed + color of the solution have different colors

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6
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

T/F: Tungsten bulb is the most common light source - it falls to the visible-infrared

A

T

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7
Q

TYPES OF LIGHT SOURCE

Less than 400 nm wavelength, greater energy + higher frequency

A

UV

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8
Q

LIGHT SOURCE

Visibke to the UV spectrum

A

Mercury Bulbs
Hydrogen-Deuterium Lamp

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9
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Prevents the entry of stray light

A

Entrance Slit

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10
Q

Most common source of stray light

A

Deteriorating Bulb

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11
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Functions in isolating the desired wavelength of light you want to work with and allow the needed nanometees to pass through

A

Monochromator

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12
Q

2 Monochromators

A
  1. Glass Prism
  2. Diffraction Grating
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13
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

50-1200 nm; also known as reaction vessel; measures the absorbance of a specific wavelength

A

Cuvette

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14
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Coverts light into electricity

A

Photodetector

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15
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Most sensitive and powerful type of photodetector. Also used in fluorometric assays

A

Photomultiplier Tube

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16
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Displays the absorbance & transmittance

A

Read-out Device

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17
Q

Color of control normal & control pathologic

A

Green & Red

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18
Q

T/F: Energy & frequency is directly proportional with wavelength.

A

F; indirectly

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19
Q

These are materials with known characteristics that are used to assess the accuracy and precision of laboratory test results.

A

Controls

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20
Q

This is a known reference material or substance that is used to calibrate or validate laboratory instruments and assays.

A

Standard

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21
Q

Role of MT

A
  1. Deliver accurate and precise laboratory information
  2. Provide reliable lab results
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22
Q

nonfunctioning waste products in the process of being cleared

A

Metabolites

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23
Q

T/F: Enzymes are intracellular in nature

A

T

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24
Q

QUALITY MANAGEMENT

“a comprehensive set of policies and procedures.”

monitors quality performance starting from the ordering of a laboratory determination to its reporting, the interpretation of results, and then
application to patient care

A

Quality Assurance

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25
Q

Quality management phases

A
  1. Pre-analytical
  2. Analytical
  3. Post analytical
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26
Q

test ordering → specimen collection → transporting the specimen → entering patient info → centrifugation → separating & aliquoting plasma → delivery to proper lab location

A

pre-analytical phase

27
Q

LAB REQUESTS

“Immediately”; within 1 hour

A

STAT

28
Q

LAB REQUESTS

2-3 hrs

A

Routine

29
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING LABORATORY RESULTS

A
  1. Controllable
  2. Uncontrollable
30
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING SELECT CHEMISTRY ANALYTES

↑ in AM: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, Fe, aldosterone
↑ in PM: acid phosphatase, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Diurnal variation

31
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING SELECT CHEMISTRY ANALYTES

↑ ACTH, cortisol, catecholamines

A

Stress

32
Q

Information on Tube Top

A
  1. name
  2. other ID
  3. MRN
  4. accession number
  5. tube type
  6. collection date
  7. tests
33
Q

COMPONENTS OF AN ANALYTICAL RUN

is to check if there are interferences in the sample

A

Blank

34
Q

triglycerides are increased showing whitish
color

A

Lipemic

35
Q

a pure solution of known exact concentration
wherein the unknowns are being compared

A

Standard or Reference Material

36
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL CONTROLS

T/F: Should behave like real specimens and should be available in sufficient quantity to last a
minimum of 1 year

A

T

37
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL CONTROLS

T/F: Should be unstable over a period of 1 year

A

F; Should be stable over a period of 1 year

38
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL CONTROLS

T/F: Should be available in convenient vial volumes and vary minimally in concentration and
composition from vial to vial

A

T

39
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL CONTROLS

T/F: Should be preferably heated require
reconstitution before use

A

F; lyophilized

40
Q

SOURCES OF CONTROL: POOLED CONTROL SERA

T/F: Laboratories that prepare their own control should collect a large pool sufficient to last 1 year. The control should be analyzed at least 20 times to obtain the mean value for each constituent and the standard deviations.

A

T

41
Q

SOURCES OF CONTROL

They are either prepared from human serum
or from bovine-based products. Readily available in the market

A

Commercial Control Sera

42
Q

Closeness to the true value (test the mean)

A

Accuracy

43
Q

Repeatability - pertain to finding the standard deviation

A

Precision

44
Q

SOURCES OF ERROR IN ANALYTICAL PHASE

○ Variable to statistical error
○ Inaccuracy
○ analytical errors; caused by some factors in
the analytical system

A

Systematic error

45
Q

SOURCES OF ERROR IN ANALYTICAL PHASE

○ Imprecision
○ Personal or operator errors; usually affect only a few analyses

A

Random errors

46
Q

POST ANALYTICAL PHASE

A
  1. Reporting out of specimen results (manual entries or computer system)
  2. Physician contact
  3. Reference ranges
47
Q

Refers to the sequential events necessary for an infectious disease to spread from one individual to another. It consists of six interconnected links.

A

Chain of Infection

48
Q

This is a framework that aims to minimize and control the risks associated with handling biological
agents, such as pathogens in laboratory and healthcare settings.

A

Hierarchy of Control

49
Q

COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM

T/F: It addresses biologic hazards by performing Biologic Risk Assessment and the development of safety procedures for working with these hazards

A

T

50
Q

COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM

T/F: Describe the safe handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals and radioactive substances

A

T

51
Q

COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM

T/F: Clearly outline the laboratory or hospital policies for wrong procedures in the event of fire, natural disasters, and even bomb threats

A

F; correct procedures

52
Q

COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM

T/F: Perform initial safety training for all employees in all aspects of laboratory safety and update annually

A

T

53
Q

COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM

T/F: Teach correct techniques for lifting and moving heavy objects and patients

A

T

54
Q

those substances which singly, or in combination, pose a significant present or potential threat or hazard to human health or to the environment and which singly or in combination require special handling, processing, or disposal

A

hazardous wastes

55
Q

CLEAN

A

C = Contain
L = Leave
E = Emergency
A = Access MSDS or Material Safety Data Sheets
N = Notify supervisor or authorities involved

56
Q

PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

general non-recyclable materials, dry

A

black

57
Q

PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

biodegradable, wet

A

green

58
Q

PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

infectious clinical waste

A

yellow

59
Q

PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

radioactive

A

orange

60
Q

PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

infectious clinical wastes

A

yellow

61
Q

requires that material safety data sheets (MSDS) be provided for each chemical by manufacturers and suppliers and must be made available on site for laboratory personnel.

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (1970)

62
Q

MSDS will specifically include:

A

○ the chemical identity;
○ chemical and common name;
○ physical and chemical characteristics;
○ signs and symptoms of exposure;
○ routes of entry;
○ exposure limits;
○ carcinogenic potential;
○ safe handling procedures;
○ spill cleanup procedures; and
○ emergency first-aid.

63
Q

RADIATION HAZARD

T/F: Records must be maintained for the length of employment plus 10 years.

A

F; 30 years

64
Q

RADIATION HAZARD

can be one of the most toxic sources of exposure to personnel in the lab

A

Ionizing Radiation

[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (10 decks)

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