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[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Laboratory > [2S] UNIT 6 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

[2S] UNIT 6 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Major food source and energy supply for the body

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Where is carbohydrates stored as glycogen?

A

Liver & Muscle

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2
Q

Found in connective tissues and nucleic acids

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

FBS: increased in plasma glucose level seen in diabetic patient

A

Hyperglycemia

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4
Q

Produces ATP for active movement of substances

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Increase level of glucose

A

Hyperglycemia

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6
Q

T/F: Hyperglycemia can be caused by factors like pancreatectomy, hemochromatosis and stress

A

T

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7
Q

T/F: Hyperglycemia can be caused by factors like mild infection, dehydration, pregnancy, and abnormal insulin receptor

A

F; severe infection

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8
Q

Decreased plasma glucose level

A

Hypoglycemia

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9
Q

Seen in diabetic patient who injects insulin

A

Hyperglycemia

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10
Q

T/F: Diabetic patient who injects insulin have 1 or 2 episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia per week

A

T

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10
Q

Produced by B-cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans

A

Insulin

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11
Q

Hormone that decreases plasma glucose levels

A

Insulin

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11
Q

Primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell.

A

Insulin

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12
Q

Primary hypoglycemic agent

A

Insulin

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13
Q

Regulates glucose by increasing glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis and inhibiting glycogenolysis

A

Insulin

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14
Q

Formation of glycogen from glucose

A

Glycogenesis

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15
Q

Process of fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis from glucose or other substrates

A

Lipogenesis

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16
Q

Breakdown of glucose in the formation of lactate, pyruvate, or other intermediate products such as ATP

A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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17
Q

Primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose levels

A

Glucagon

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17
Q

Increases plasma glucose levels by glycogenolysis
and gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

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18
Q

Secreted by α-cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

Measured routinely using serum or plasma
○ Whole blood
○ Urine
○ CSF
○ Other body fluids

A

Glucose

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19
Q

Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acid, lactic, acid, glycerol, fats, and protein

A

Gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

T/F: In Glucagon, glucose is metabolized for the uptake of cells to other parts of the body

A

F; glycogen

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21
Q

Approximately 7 mg/dL lower than capillary blood due to tissue metabolism

A

Venous blood glucose

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21
Q

Approximately 11% lower than serum or plasma glucose

A

Whole blood glucose

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22
Q

T/F: Glycolysis lowers the glucose levels in an uncentrifuged blood specimen

A

T

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22
Q

Approximately 60-70% plasma glucose levels

A

CSF glucose levels

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23
Q

Obtained in the morning (8-10 hrs fasting, not longer
than 16 hrs)

A

Fasting Blood Glucose

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24
Q

Can inhibit in vitro glycolysis

A

Sodium Fluoride Tube (Gray)

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24
Q

T/F: Fasting Plasma Glucose has diurnal variation: ↑ AM than in PM

A

T

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25
Q

METHODS OF GLUCOSE DETERMINATION

Alkaline copper reduction method

A

Non-Enzymatic

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25
Q

Sodium Fluoride Tube (Gray) is stable for up to _ days at room temp

A

3

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26
Q

METHODS OF GLUCOSE DETERMINATION

Condensation method

A

Non-Enzymatic

26
Q

METHODS OF GLUCOSE DETERMINATION

Alkaline ferric reduction method

A

Non-Enzymatic

27
Q

METHODS OF GLUCOSE DETERMINATION

Glucose oxidase

A

Enzymatic

28
Q

METHODS OF GLUCOSE DETERMINATION

Hexokinase

A

Enzymatic

29
Q

Principle: Reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions forming cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution by glucose
○ Redox reaction

A

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

29
Q

Glucose + alk. cupric tartrate → CuOH + heat → cuprous
oxide

A

ACR: Nelson Somogyi Method & Folin Wu

29
Q

METHODS OF GLUCOSE DETERMINATION

Glucose dehydrogenase

A

Enzymatic

30
Q

Most commonly used chemical method

A

ACR: Nelson Somogyi Method

31
Q

Cu2O + arsenomolybdic acid → arsenomolybdenum
blue

A

ACR: Nelson Somogyi Method

32
Q

○ Add Barium sulfate (BaSO4) when preparing
Protein-Free Filtrates to remove saccharoids
(non-glucose reducing substances)
○ Measures true blood glucose

A

ACR: Nelson Somogyi Method

33
Q

Glucose + alk. cupric tartrate → CuOH + heat → cuprous oxide

A

ACR: Folin Wu Method & Nelson Somogyi Method

34
Q

Cu2O + phosphomolybdic acid → phosphomolybdenum blue

A

ACR: Folin Wu Method

35
Q

Glucose + alk. cupric-neocuproine → Cuprous-neocuproine complex

A

ACR: Neocuproine Method

36
Q

Glucose + CuSO4 (blue) + heat → Cu2O

A

ACR: Benedict’s Method

36
Q

2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-8-cl

A

ACR: Neocuproine Reagent Formula

36
Q

End color: yellow to yellow-orange

A

ACR: Neocuproine Method

37
Q

Uses tartrate & citrate as stabilizing agent

A

ACR: Benedict’s Method

38
Q

End color: green → yellow → orange → brick red

A

ACR: Benedict’s Method

39
Q

Principle: Reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide in hot alkaline solution by glucose

A

Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method

39
Q

Glucose + [Fe(CN)6]
3 − (yellow) in alk soln + heat → [Fe(CN)6]4− (colorless)

A

AFR: Hagedorn Jensen Method

40
Q

End color: bluish green

A

Ortho-Toluidine Method

40
Q

Inverse colorimetry

A

AFR: Hagedorn Jensen Method

41
Q

Glucose + o-toluidine + acetic acid + heat → N-glucosylamine

A

Ortho-Toluidine Method

41
Q

Principle: Ability of primary aromatic amine acid
solution to condense with the aldehyde group of
glucose to form glycosylamines (Schiff bases)

A

Condensation Method

41
Q

Main interfering substances in condensation method

A

○ Galactose (aldohexose)
○ Manose (aldopentose)

42
Q

● Also called Saifer Gernstenfield method
● One of the most used in blood glucose determination
● Prone to errors

A

Glucose Oxidase Method

43
Q

● Step 1: Mutarotase catalyzes mutarotation of α- to β-glucose
● Step 2 & 3: Trinder reaction – couple reaction

A

Glucose Oxidase Method

44
Q

Considered as the reference method for blood
glucose determination

A

Hexokinase Method

45
Q

tetrazolium bromide salt (colorless)

A

MTT (glucose dehydrogenase)

45
Q

Increased or Decreased Carbo?

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Increased

46
Q

Increased or Decreased Carbo?

Pancreatitis

A

Increased

46
Q

Increased or Decreased Carbo?

Pituitary or thyroid dysfunction

A

Increased

47
Q

Increased or Decreased Carbo?

Renal failure

A

Increased

48
Q

Increased or Decreased Carbo?

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia

A

Decreased

48
Q

Increased or Decreased Carbo?

Liver disease

A

Increased

49
Q

Increased or Decreased Carbo?

Starvation

A

Decreased

49
Q

Increased or Decreased Carbo?

Hyperinsulinemia

A

Decreased

50
Q

Increased or Decreased Carbo?

Neoplasms

A

Decreased

51
Q

Conversion factor of mg/dL to mmol/L

A

0.0556

51
Q

Conversion factor of mmol/L to mg/dL

A

18

52
Q

Tubes used in Glucose Oxidase Method

A

Kahn Tubes

53
Q

Enzyme reagents of the glucose reagent kit

A

4 PP ni GPS

4-aminoantipyrine
Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4)
Phenol
Glucose oxidase
Peroxidase
Sodium azide

54
Q

What to pipet first?

a. Blank
b. Standard
c. Normal Control
d. Pathologic Control
e. Unknown

A

b. Standard

55
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD

Where to pipet when purging the standard?

A

Deliver it into the tube by touching the tip of the pipet directly to the bottom of the tube

56
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD

How to pipet the reagent in the tube?

A

By touching the tip of the pipet to the side of the tube

57
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD

PROCEDURE 7: Mix the solution by covering the mouth of the test tube with a ________ and inverting the tubes _____.

A

parafilm
2-3x

58
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD

PROCEDURE 8: Incubate for ______ at _____ water bath.

A

5 minutes at 37°C

59
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD: ASSAY REQUIREMENTS

Wavelength

A

500 nm

60
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD: ASSAY REQUIREMENTS

Optical Path

A

1 cm

61
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD: ASSAY REQUIREMENTS

Temperature

A

37°C

62
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD: ASSAY REQUIREMENTS

Measurement

A

Read against reagent blank

63
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD

PROCEDURE 10: Measure absorbance of all tubes within ___ minutes

A

60 minutes

64
Q

Reference Value of Glucose

A

CU = 70-110 mg/dL
SI = 3.9 - 6.1 mmol/L

[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (10 decks)

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