2nd & 3rd Tri: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
At how many weeks can bones be imaged?
15-16 weeks
pg. E 152
Which side is the radius located?
thumb side
pg. E 152
Which side is the ulna located?
pinky side
pg. E 152
What is rhizomelia?
shortening of proximal segment (humerus, femur)
pg. E 153
What is mesomelia?
shortening of middle segment (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula)
pg. E 153
What is acromelia?
shortening or distal segment (hand, foot)
pg. E 153
What is micromelia?
shortened extremities
pg. E 153
What is phocomelia?
absent segment of an extremity
pg. E 153
What is amelia?
absence of entire extremity
pg. E 153
What is polydactyly?
more than 5 digits
pg. E 153
What is syndactyly?
fusion of digits
pg. E 153
What characteristics identify a lethal skeletal dysplasia?
severe micromelia
severe hypoplastic thorax
identification of a specific feature of a lethal dysplasia (fractured bones)
pg. E 153
What is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia?
thanatophoric dysplasia
pg. E 154
What are the characteristics of thanatophoric dysplasia?
severe rhizomelia micromelia bowed long bones narrow bell shaped thorax cloverleaf skull (kleeblattschadel) polyhydramnios pg. E 154 O 395
What is achondrogenesis?
rare lethal short limb dysplasia with 2 types
pg. E 154 O 394
What are the characteristics of Type 1 achondrogenesis?
20%
autosomal recessive
more severe
pg. E 154 O 394
What are the characteristics of Type 2 achondrogenesis?
80%
autosomal dominant
less severe
pg. E 154 O 394
What are the sonographic findings of achondrogenesis?
micromelia poor ossification of vertebrae and cranium protruding abdomen and forehead small chest polyhydramnios cleft lip/palate micrognathia pg. E 154 O 394
What is osteogenesis imperfecta?
disorder of collagen production leading to brittle bones
pg. E 155 O 395
Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta is the most severe?
Type 2
pg. E 155 O 395
When would osteogenesis imperfecta be evident under ultrasound?
not typically until 24 weeks +
pg. O 395
What are the sonographic findings of osteogenesis imperfecta type 2?
fractures hypomineralization micromelia bell shaped chest thin cranium pg. E 155 O 395
What is congenital hypophosphatasia?
rare bone demineralization disorder resulting form low levels of serum and tissue alk phos
lethal
pg. E 155
What are the sonographic findings of congenital hypophosphatasia?
decreased mineralization
severe micromelia
bowing long bones
pg. E 155
What is camptomelic dysplasia?
lethal dysplasia characterized by short bent bones
pg. E 156
What are the sonographic findings of camptomelic dysplasia?
bent long bones (lower ext more common) narrow thorax hypoplastic scapulae CNS anomalies renal anomalies pg. E 156
What is achondroplasia?
abnormal cartilage deposits at the long bone epiphysis
pg. O 395
What are the types of achondroplasia? which is lethal and nonlethal?
Homozygous dominant - lethal
Heterozygous - non-lethal
pg. E 156-157
What are the sonographic findings of homozygous dominant achondroplasia?
rhizomelia
small thorax w/ pulmonary hypoplasia
large cranium, sometimes cloverleaf
pg. E 156
What are the sonographic findings of heterozygous achondroplasia?
mild rhizomelia FL short = BPD normal > 21 weeks normal FL < 20 weeks macrocrania frontal bossing brachydactyly pg. E 156
What is short-rib polydactyly syndrome?
rare lethal dysplasia w/ polydactyly and small thorax
pg. E 156
What are the sonographic findings of short-rib polydactyly syndrome?
polydactyly severely narrow thorax short ribs micromelia pg. E 156
What forms of osteogenesis imperfecta are nonlethal?
Types 1, 3, 4
pg. E 157
What are the sonographic findings of types 1 and 3 osteogenesis imperfecta?
femoral bowing seen after 24 weeks
pg. E 157
What is arthrogryposis?
multiple joint contractures (shortening and hardening) from lack of movement
pg. E 157
What are the sonographic findings of arthrogryposis?
bilateral talipes deformities of hips, knees, elbows, and wrists polyhydramnios narrow chest micrognathia nuchal edema pg. E 157
What is talipes?
club foot
pg. E 158
What is radial ray abnormalities?
hypoplasia or aplasia of radius
pg. E 157
What is clinodactyly?
permanent curvature of 5th digit
pg. E 158
What is clinodactyly associated with?
Trisomy 21
pg. E 158
What is syndactyly?
fusion of digits
pg. E 158
What is clubfoot?
abnormal inversion of foot perpendicular to lower leg
pg. E 158 O 395
What is rocker bottom foot?
bottom of foot convexes outward
pg. E 158
What is rocker bottom foot associated with?
Trisomy 18
pg. E 158 O 395
What is sirenomelia?
lower extremities are fused together
pg. E 158
What is hypophophatasia?
Congenital condition w/ decreased mineralization of bones
Has bowed bones l, underossified cranium, and small chest
pg. G-6
What is syndactyly typically found with?
amniotic band syndrome
When can the femur length be measured?
12 weeks gestation
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