2nd & 3rd Tri: Genitourinary System Flashcards
When can kidneys be detected?
12-14 weeks
pg. E 144
What is a normal renal pelvis measurement?
5 -10 mm (increasing with greater gestational age)
pg. E 144
When can the bladder be detected sonographically?
10 weeks
pg. E 144
How often does a bladder typically fill and empty?
every 20-30 min
pg. E 144
What structure can mimic the kidneys?
adrenal gland
pg. E 145
What is renal agenesis?
congenital absence of one or both kidneys
pg. E 145
How common is unilateral renal agenesis?
1: 1000 births
pg. E 145
What is unilateral renal agenesis typically associated with?
single umbilical artery
pg. E 145
What is associated w/ bilateral renal agenesis?
Potter’s syndrome
pg. E 145
What are the sonographic findings of renal agenesis?
severe oligohydramnios
absence of kidneys and arteries
bilateral: bladder not seen
pg. E 145 O 393
What is autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)?
Potter’s Type 1
inherited by both parents
symmetric renal enlargement by multiple cysts
pg. E 146
What are the sonographic findings of Potter’s type 1?
enlarged echogenic oligohydramnios small bladder normal (14-16 weeks) pg. E 146
What is multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)?
Potter’s type 2
obstruction of kidney leading to cyst formation
pg. E 146
What are the sonographic findings of Potter’s type 2?
multiple, variable sized cysts
no bladder (if bilateral)
oligohydramnios
pg. E 146
What is the most common cause of fetal hydronephrosis?
ureteropelvic junction
pg. E 147
What is a ureteropelvic junction?
obstruction of urine flow from renal pelvis to ureter
pg. E 147
What are the sonographic findings of UPJ?
dilated renal pelvis
caliectasis (enlarged calyces)
normal AFI
pg. E 147 O 393
What causes a UPJ obstruction?
abnormal bend in ureter
fibrous adhesions
pg. E 147 O 393
What is the least common cause of hydronephrosis?
ureterovesical obstruction
pg. E 147
Why does ureterovesical obstruction occur?
ureteral duplication w/ ureterocele
congenital
stenosis
pg. E 147-148 O 394
Which gender are bladder outlet obstructions most common in?
males
pg. E 148
What is the most common bladder outlet obstruction in males?
posterior urethral valves
pg. E 148
What is the most common bladder outlet obstruction in females?
cloacal malformations or urethral atresia
pg. E 148
What is posterior urethral valve obstruction?
presence of a membrane within posterior urethra so urine cannot pass
leads to overdistended bladder
pg. E 148 O 393
What are the sonographic findings of posterior urethral valve obstruction?
"keyhole" sign - bladder and urethra dilated bladder wall thickening hydroureter hydronephrosis oligohydramnios pg. E 148 O 393
What is urethral atresia?
absent urethra that results in complete obstruction
incompatible w/ life
pg. E 149
Which gender can get urethral artresia?
both
pg. E 149
What are the sonographic findings of urethral atresia?
no amniotic fluid > 16 wks
pulmonary hypoplasia
pg. E 149
What is cloacal malformation?
convergence of GI and GU tracts
single opening in the perineum empties both GI and GU
if obstructed GI and GU tracts are dilated
pg. E 149
What are the findings of cloacal malformation?
severe obstruction
oligohydramnios
poor prognosis
pg. E 149
What is a urachal cyst?
cystic mass between the fetal anterior abdominal wall and the anterior portion of the bladder
pg. E 149
What is another name for Prune Belly Syndrome?
Eagle-Barrett syndrome
pg. E 149
What is Prune Belly Syndrome?
weakened abdominal wall musculature w/ dilated bladder/ureters/kidneys
pg. E 149
What is the most common cause of prune belly syndrome?
posterior urethral valves
pg. E 149
What are the sonographic findings of prune belly syndrome?
abnormal compression of abdominal wall oligohydramnios bilateral hydronephrosis distended bladder pg. E 149
When do testes typically descend into scrotum?
26-34 weeks
pg. E 150
Are hydroceles common?
small are common
large need to be evaluated postnatal
pg. E 150
What is a fetus w/ male genitalia and ovaries described as?
46XX intersex or hermaphroditism
When do the kidneys begin to produce urine?
12 weeks
When do the kidneys take over on fluid production?
16 weeks
